Dr. C. NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Contains 2 KINDS OF CELLS
Neural Tissue
A
- Neurons: Cells** that **Send & Receive Signals
- NeuroGlia: Cells** that **Support & Protect Neurons
2
Q
ORGANS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
A
- Brain** and **Spinal Cord
- Sensory Receptors of sense organs.
- Nervesconnectnervoussystem withother systems.
3
Q
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - CNS
A
- _Brain_and _Spinal Cord Occupy_ the _Midline_ or _Central Location_ in the body.
4
Q
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - PNS
A
- Designation** for the **Nerves of the body.
5
Q
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - ANS
A
- REGULATES the Body’s__“Automatic or Involuntary”. Functions.
6
Q
THE STRUCTURE OF NEURONS
A
- Cell Body - (Soma)-Main Part.
- DENDRITES: - Short**, **Branched** **Projections
- AXON TERMINALS: - A Long, Single Projection.
- DENDRITES: - Processes or Projections that Transmit Impulses to the Neuron Cell Bodies
- AXONS: - Transmit Impulses AWAY from the Neuron Cell Bodies.
7
Q
SENSORY NEURONS = AFFERENT
A
- Neurons of PNSTransmit Impulses to the Spinal Cord and Brain from ALL Parts of the Body.
8
Q
MOTOR NEURONS = EFFERENT
A
- Neurons of PNS ‘EFFECT’.TransmitImpulsesin theOPPOSITEDIRECTION**—**AWAYfrom theBrainandSpinalCord.
9
Q
NEURILEMMA
A
- Outer Cell Membrane** of a **Schwann Cell.
10
Q
NEUROGLIA
A
Many types of Neuroglia** in **CNS** and **PNS
11
Q
4 TYPES OF NEUROGLIA
IN THE CNS
A
1. OLIGODENDROCYTES
2. ASTROCYTES
3. MICROGLIA
4. EPENDYMAL CELLS
12
Q
ASTROCYTES
A
- Most Numerous
- Create Structural Framework for CNS
- Repair DAMAGED Neural Tissue.
- FORM a 2-layer Structure called the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER ( BBB )
13
Q
OLIGODENDROCYTES
A
- Produce the FATTY MYELIN SHEATH that Envelops Nerve Fberslocated in the Brain and Spinal Cord.
14
Q
SCHWANN CELLS
A
- Are GLIAL CELLS that also Form MYELIN SHEATHS** to the **Peripheral Nervous System.
15
Q
MICROGLIA
A
- Microbe-Eating__Scavengers.
16
Q
EPENDYMAL CELLS
A
- Produce CSF
17
Q
NEUROGLIA OF THE PNS
A
- SATELLITE CELLS: RegulateEnvironmentAroundNeuron
- SCHWANN CELLS: FORMMyelinSheatharoundPeripheralAxons.
18
Q
A NERVE
A
- NERVE is a Group of Peripheral Nerve Fibers (AXONS) bundled together like the Strands of a Cable.
- Bundles of AXONS in the CNS, called Tracts, also are Myelinated and form the “White Matter” of the Brain & Cord.
19
Q
GRAY MATTER
A
- Brain and Cord Tissue “ Composed” of Cell Bodies and UnmyeLinated AXONS and Dendrites is called GRAY MATTER.
20
Q
REFLEX ARCS
A
- Nerve Impulses also called ACTION POTENTIALS can Travel Over Trillions of Routes.
21
Q
REFLEX ARCS: RECEPTORS
A
- Receptors are the Beginnings of Dendrites of Sensory Neurons.
22
Q
REFLEX ARCS: GANGLION
A
- A Ganglion is a group of Nerve-Cell Bodies located in the PNS. This Ganglion is located NEAR the Spinal Cord.
23
Q
REFLEX ARCS: SYNAPSE
A
- Space Separates the AXON Ending of ONE NEURON. This space is called a Synapse.
24
Q
REFLEX ARCS: 3 NEURON ARCS
A
- Sensory Neurons
- InterNeurons
- Motor Neurons.
25
**NERVE IMPULSE**
* **_Self-Propagating Wave_** _of **Electrical Disturbance**_ that **_Travels Along_** _the **Surface** of a **Neuron's Plasma Membrane.**_
26
**POLARIZATION**
* **_Membrane**_ of _**Each Resting Neuron_** _has a **Slight Positive Charge**_ on the **_Outside**_ and a _**Negative Charge_** _on the **Inside**_ called **POLARIZATION.**
27
**SALTATORY CONDUCTION**
* **MyeLinated** **Fiber**, “**JUMPS**” _around the Insulating Myelin_ in a **_Rapid Type of Conduction_** called **SALTATORY conduction**
28
**2 METHODS OF:**
**PROPAGATING ACTION POTENTIALS**
* **CONTINUOUS PropaGation: Unmyelinated** **AXONS** ( grey matter - **CNS** ) - **_Speed of about 2 mph_**
* **SALTATORY PropaGation: Myelinated** AXONS (**PNS**) (“**Jumping**”....**_Speed of 40 to 300 mph_** !)
29
**SNAPSES**
* A **SYNAPSE** is where **_Impulses are Transmitted**_ from _**One Neuron**_ the _****Presy**_Naptic NEURON** to the ****_Postsy_**Naptic NEURON**.
30
**SYNAPTIC KNOB**
* **_Tiny Bulge_** _at the **end** of a **Terminal Branch**_ of a ****_Presy_**Naptic Neuron's AXON.**
31
**NEURO**_T_**RANSMITTER**
* _Each **Vesicle** **Contains** a **Very** **Small Quantity**_ of a **Chemical Compound.**
* ****_Neuro_**Transmitters** are**_Chemicals_**by which **Neurons Communicate.**
32
**DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN**
**_1. BRAINSTEM_**
* **Medulla OblonGata**
* **Pons**
* **Midbrain**
**2. _CereBellum_**
**_3. DienCephalon_**
* **Hypothalamus**
* **Thalamus**
**_4. CereBrum_**
33
**BRAINSTEM Function H**as
**_2-Way Conduction Paths_**
* **CARDIAC RESPIRATORY** and **VASOMOTOR** centers called the **_VITAL CENTERS_** are **located** in the **_Medulla Oblongata._**
34
**BRAIN STEM: B. &. C**
**B. PONS**
* **Connects Cerebellum** to **Brain Stem**
* **Somatic** and **Visceral Motor Control.**
**C. MIDBRAIN**
* **Processes _Sight_, _Sound_,** and **_Associated Reflexes_**
* **Maintains Consciousness.**
35
**CERE**_B_**ELLUM**
* **2nd largest Part** of **Brain**
* * **Coordinates: _Repetitive_ Body Movements**
* * **2 HemisPheres**
* * **_Covered**_ with_**CEREBELLAR CORTEX_**
36
**BRAIN: CERE**_B_**ELLUM**
* PRODUCE… **Smooth** **Coordinated** **Movements**
* * **Maintain** **Equilibrium**
* * **Sustain** **Normal** Postures.
37
**DIEN**_C_**EPHALON**
* **Links Cerebrum** with **Brain Stem.**
38
**THALA**_M_**US**
* **Relays** and **Processes Sensory Information.**
39
**HYPO**_T_**HALAMUS**
* **Hormone Production**
* * **Autonomic Function - Control** of **Temperature - Thirst - Hunger**
40
**THA**_L_**AMUS PERFORMS** the **Following Functions**
* **Major Relay Station** between **_CereBrum**_, _**CereBellum**_, _**Spinal Cord**_, and _**Helps Relay Sensory Signals_** between **Spinal Cord**.
* * It helps **Associate Sensations** with **Emotion.**
41
**HYPO**_T_**HALAMUS**
* **_Maintains_ a _Waking State_**and gets the **Adrenaline Flowing** during a _TEST or JOB interview._
* * **EMOTIONAL CENTER**: **FeelING… Exhilarated** - **Angry** - **Unhappy** - **Sexually** **Aroused** - **Pain**.
42
**CEREBRAL CORTEX**
* **_Thin Layer**_of _**Gray Matter__Made Up**_of _**Neuron Dendrites_**
* * **_Cell_** **_Bodies_** **Forms** the **_Surface of the Cerebrum_**_._
43
**FRONTAL LOBES** - **MOTOR AREA**
* Helps **_Control Voluntary Movement_.**
44
**PARIE**_T_**AL LOBES**
* **TASTE - AROMA** AND **TEXTURE**
* * **TWO SECTIONS BEHIND** THE **FRONTAL LOBES.**
45
**COVERING FLUID SPACES** in the **BRAIN**
* **Dura Mater**
* * **ArachNoid Mater**
* * **PIA MATER**
46
**Dura Mater**
Is the **_Tough Outer Layer**_that _**Lines The Vertebral Canal_**
47
**Arach**_N_**oid Mater**
* Is the **MemBrane _Between_ the _DURA_** _and the **PIA MATER**_**.**
48
**Arach**_N_**oid Membrane**
* _Sub-AraChnoid Space_ **– FILLED** with **CSF ( cerebral spinal fluid )**
49
**PIA MATER**
* Is the **_Innermost Membrane Covering_** the **Spinal Cord.**
50
**CSF**
* **Cerebrospinal** **Spinal** **Fluid**
51
**CSF - CHOROID PLEXUS**
* _**Fluid Filtering** out of the blood in a network_ of _**Brain Capillarie**s known as_ the **_CHOROID_ _PLEXUS_**
* **CSF SEEPS** from the **Lateral Ventricles** into the **3rd Ventricle** and **_flows down through**_the _**cerebral into the_****_4th Ventricle_.**
52
**BRAIN - 3 CSF SPACES**
**1. Subdural Space**
**2. SubaraChnoid Space**
**3. CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF)**
53
**SPINAL CORD FUNCTIONS SIMILARLY**
* It **contains** the **_Centers for Thousands**_ and _**Thousands of Reflex Arcs._**
54
**GROSS ANATOMY: - SPINAL CORD 3 BRANCHES**
**VENTRAL ROOT**
* **Contains AXONS of “MOTOR” Neurons**
55
**DORSAL ROOT**
* Contains **AXONS** of **Sensory Neuron**
56
**DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA**
* **Contain _Cell Bodies_**of **_Sensory Neurons_**
57
**WHITE MATTER**
* **Myelinated** and **UnMyelinated Axons ( mostly myelinated )**
58
**GRAY MATTER**
* **Surrounds _Central Canal_**of the **Spinal Cord**
59
**PNS – PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM**
**INCLUDES**
**Cranial** & **Spinal** **Nerves**
* **Connects** the **brain and Spinal Cord** to **_Peripheral Structures_**_Skin Surface and the Skeletal Muscles_.
60
**CRANIAL NERVES** have
**12 PAIRS Connected** to **Brain.**
* **_OPTIC Nerve: 2nd Nerve_. Impulses** from the **Eye** to the **Brain.**
* * **_OCULOMOTOR Nerve. 3rd_ Nerve: Impulses** between the **_Medulla Oblongata_** _and_ **_Structures**_ in the _**Neck**_ and _**Thoracic_**
* **_VAGUS Nerve. 10th NERVE_: Impulses** between the **_Medulla Oblongata_** _and_ **_Structures_** _in the_ **_Neck**_ and _**Thoracic AND ADOMINAL CAVITIES._**
61
**SENSORY NERVES**
* Carry **SOMATIC SENSORY** **information.**
* * _including_: **Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Temperature,** and **Pain**
62
**SPECIAL SENSORY NERVES**
**Carry Sensations** such as **_Smell_**, **_Sight_, _Hearing_, _Balance_**
63
**MOTOR NERVES**
* **Axons** of **_Somatic Motor Neurons_**
64
**MIXED NERVES**
* **Mixture** of... **Motor** and **Sensory Fibers**
65
**Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)**
**Impulses** to **Brainstem** for the **Following**
* **CARDIAC Muscle Tissue**
* * **SMOOTH Muscle Tissue**
* * **GLANDULAR Epithelial Tissue**
66
**Somatic Nervous System**
**( SNS ) ( Motor Portion )**
* **Operates Under _Conscious Control_**
67
**Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)**
**( Motor or Efferent Portion )**
* **Regulate Involuntary Functions -** for example**,** the **Heartbeat.**
68
**_AUTONOMIC_ _MOTOR_ Neurons**
* **Motor Neurons** that make up the **Motor Portion** of the **ANS.**
69
**PRE**_G_**ANG**_L_**IONIC Neurons**
* **Conduct Impulses** between the **_Spinal Cord_** _and a **Ganglion.**_
70
**SYMPATHETIC _Response Symptoms_**
* **Fight to flight**
* * **Heart Beats Faster.**
* * **Blood Vessels Constrict,**
* * **Sweat** / **Adrenal Glands** **_Secrete_** More..
* * **Salivary, Digestive Glands** **_Secrete_** **More** **Sparingly**.
* * Become **Sluggish**, **Hampering** **Digestion**.
71
**ParaSympathetic System**
_Has also been **Referred** **to**_
* the **Cranio**_S_**acral System**
