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My 2017 RUSVM Special Species > Dr. Hoefer - Avian > Flashcards

Dr. Hoefer - Avian Flashcards

1
Q

what is unique to avian skin

A

no glands except for uropygial (preen gland)

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2
Q

common reason clients will bring in birds to vet

A

poor feathering

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3
Q

causes of poor feathering

A
  • trauma from environment
  • cagemate trauma
  • growth interruption
  • poor preening
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4
Q

what are stress bars

A

interruption in growth of feather from stressful event

the stressful event can happen in as little as 1 day to cause stress bar

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5
Q

name 3 CS commonly seen in juvenile birds

A

unpreened feathers

stress bars

trauma

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6
Q

what are 3 potential non medical causes for poor preening

A

hand raised babies

over-zealous mates

stressful environment

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7
Q

what are 4 medical problems that can cause poor feathering

A
  • nutritional disorders
  • endocrine problems (T4)
  • parasites: lice & mites
  • infections rare (PBFD)
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8
Q

what is more common medical or non medical causes for poor feathering

A

non medical

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9
Q

what is the #1 nutritional disorder in birds is

A

Vitamin A deficiency!

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10
Q

what is the result of Vit. A deficiency

A

squamous metaplasia of epithelia cells

hyperkeratosis of keratin structures (like beaks!)

pigmentary coloration

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11
Q

is it easy to dx endocrine dz in birds?

A

NO!

its not like dogs & cats where T4 testing is available readily

TSH stim testing more available but the normal levels change very often due to season, production status, breeding season, etc., & each spp may have different normals

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12
Q

true infections of feathers are rare but which one do you NEED TO REMEMBER

A

PBFD = Psittasine Beak & Feather Disease

circovirus

young birds

fatal

causes poor feather growth (feather dystrophy) & immunosuppression leaving vulnerable to other infections

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13
Q

name some integumentary parasites in birds

A
  1. chicken mite aka “red” mite or northern fowl mite
  • active at night, very small
  • use towel trick
  1. lice in pigeons & chickens are very common
  2. knemidocoptes = scaley face & leg mite
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14
Q

there are 2 types of lice biting & sucking… what type of lice do birds have

A

Biting!

think birds bite & their lice do too!

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15
Q

what do these pics show

tx

A

knemidocoptes (scaley face & leg mite

responds to ivermectin

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16
Q

what is the behavioral problem seen as a disease of captivity

A

feather damaging behavior (fna feather plucking)

most birds just pull out feathers

Generally are not identifiably sick

Mutilation of skin and muscle uncommon

Usually a lifelong problem

17
Q

approach to feather plucking

A

Understand owners are really upset
Examine feathers and patterns closely
Record distribution and appearance
Make sure bird doesn’t have a “disease”

18
Q

which bird is plucking? what does other bird have?

A

the bird missing chest feathers is plucking

the bird missing head feathers is hypothyroid

19
Q

how to work up the plucking birs

A

Good history
Thorough physical exam
Screening blood work
Possible imaging: radiographs
Fecal testing: parasites, Giardia
Skin biopsy

Bottom line:

Is it medical vs behavioral problem???

20
Q

therapy for feather destruction

A

Adjust diet and environment
Behavior modification
Occasionally meds are used
Collars only if severe or bleeding

21
Q

what breeds is self-mutilation syndrome seen in

A

cockatoos, quakers, eclectus

22
Q

therapy for mutilator

A

Clean and dress wound
Prevent further destruction
Provide pain relief
Antibiotics
Neurogenic pain: gabapentin (neurontin)
Antipsychotics: haloperidol
MOA inhibitors: amitriptylline

23
Q

what are the predisposing factors for repro disorders in pet birds

A

Environment

  • long photoperiod
    • perpetual spring
  • perceived nest area
    • cage

Food availability

  • high fat food in abundance
    • “land of plenty”

Behavior

  • Pair-bond with human
24
Q

what are the repro tract dz we can see in pet birds

A
  • excessive egg laying
  • egg binding & dystocia
  • egg yolk peritonitis
  • hypocalcemia
  • pathologic fx
  • oviductal & cloacal prolapse
  • tumors: male & female birds
25
Q

what is the #1 pet bird in America

A

Cockatiel

26
Q

what is the #1 problem you will see in the #1 bird

A

obstetrical problems in cockatiels!

27
Q

can you tell most spp of birds apart by looking at them whether they are male or female?

A

NO!

Cockatiels & eclectus you can!

eclectus male = green, female = red

basic grey cockatiel female = polkadots under wings & barring on tail, male = just plain

28
Q

what is egg-binding

A

prolonged transit through oviduct

29
Q

where does egg spend most time in repro tract

A

shell gland (uterus)

approx 12 hours

once fully shelled, expulsion w/i seconds

30
Q

bird egg-laying facts

A

some spp determinate layers

specific # per clutch

Egg development time spp specific

chicks are the fastest at 1 egg/24 hours

(vs. cockatiel 36-40hrs)

during shelling, the full amt of circulating Calcium is withdrawn by uterus q 15 min

31
Q

etiology of egg binding

A

Frequent in small birds: cockatiels, lovebirds,
budgies, finches, canaries
Associated with over-laying
Poor dietary calcium: seeds
Oversized or poorly shelled eggs
Uterine inertia
Poor musculature

32
Q

dx egg binging & dystocia

A

History
Palpation
Radiographs
Ultrasound

33
Q

what could this be

A

prolapsed uterus

34
Q

tx of egg-binding

A

Try medical first: calcium, fluids, heat, dextrose,
pain meds
Sedated extraction
Surgery: hysterectomy
Prevent more laying: Leuprolide (Lupron)

35
Q

what repro disorders can happen to boy birds

A

testicular hyperplasia

Normal seasonal changes in some species
Over-stimulation = testicular hyperplasia
Pain, lameness, leg chewing

  • sciatic n. lies under testes, can become irritated w/ testicular hyperplasia
36
Q
A

My 2017 RUSVM Special Species (2 decks)

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