Dr. Ojuola

Question 1

Health to death continuum:

Answer 1

Perfect health
Moderate health
Marginal health
Exposure/lifestyle Risks
Early Disease
Late Disease
Death

Question 2

When is primary prevention?

Answer 2

Pre-disease stage

Question 3

When is secondary prevention?

Answer 3

Latent disease state

Question 4

When is tertiary prevention?

Answer 4

Disease stage

Question 5

Goal of primary, secondary, tertiary prevention?

Answer 5

1: Reduce incidence of new cases
2: Reduce severity/complication
3: Reduce number of complications/deaths

Question 6

Target population of the three preventions

Answer 6

1: General or at risk
2: Exposed or early disease
3: People with disease needing treatment

Question 7

Typical activities for three prevention’s

Answer 7

1: Counseling
2: Screening early treatment access to care
3: Treatment tailored to the patient or rehabilitation to promote recovery

Question 8

Three pillars of health?

Answer 8

Behavior
Food
Environment

Question 9

What is primary prevention?

Answer 9

Keeping the disease process from starting by eliminating risk factors and increasing host resistance to disease (pre-disease state)

Question 10

Two main components of primary prevention:

Answer 10

Health promotion and specific protection

Question 11

Four prerequisites for effective primary prevention:

Answer 11

Seriousness of disease
Personal risk
Effective measures
Accessibility

Question 12

Components of health promotion (primary):

Answer 12

Broad coverage

Non-medical intervention (counseling/environment etc.)

Question 13

Components of specific promotion (primary):

Answer 13

Target population/disease

Medical and non-medical intervention (vaccines, antimicrobial, safety equipment)

Question 14

Five A Model on health belief:

Answer 14

Ask
Advise patient on disease
Assess willingness
Assist patient with decision
Arrange follow up

Question 15

Stages of Change Theory (5 stages)

Answer 15

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

Question 16

Most crucial factor in predicting behavior?

Answer 16

Behavioral intentions

Question 17

Linear Precaution Adoption Process model (7 steps)

Answer 17

Ignorance or unaware
Un-engagement
Deciding about acting
Deciding not to act
Deciding to act
Acting 
Maintenance

Question 18

Stages of change theory vs Precaution adoption process?

Answer 18

The latter is linear and cannot return to stage 1 of ignorance once aware

Question 19

Three major areas specific protection (primary) focuses on?

Answer 19

Specific disease (vaccine or antimicrobial)
Specific deficiency states (fluoride or iodized salt use)
Specific injury and toxic exposures (helmet use)

Question 20

Main way secondary prevention is incorporated:

Answer 20

Screening people without disease symptoms or risk factors

Question 21

What are the steps in secondary prevention?

Answer 21

Screen for risk or disease (community level); if positive in screen then case finding (clinic/individual level)

Question 22

Disease requirements for secondary screening to be effective?

Answer 22

Serious disease
Effective therapy must be available
Benefits of detecting
Natural history of disease well understood
Not too rare or too common

Question 23

Minimum requirements for community screening programs:

Answer 23

1. ) Related to disease
2. ) Related to screening itself
3. ) Related to health care system

Question 24

Test requirements for secondary prevention screening:

Answer 24

Quick/easy/inexpensive
Safe/acceptable
Characteristics of test well documented and accepted

Question 25

Health care system requirements:

Answer 25

Access to follow up if screening positive
Available treatment
Access to treatment
Acceptable treatment
Clearly defined population
Responsible party

Question 26

Three biases in secondary prevention screening;

Answer 26

Selection
Lead time
Length bias

Question 27

Two categories of tertiary prevention:

Answer 27

Disability limitation

Rehabilitation

Question 28

Goal of disability limitation:

Answer 28

Limit damage from the disease by halting or slowing disease process (institute primary prevention measures to delay disease)

Question 29

Goal of rehabilitation:

Answer 29

Identify and teach methods to reduce social disability (strengthen residual function and help patient function in alternative ways)

Question 30

Two areas of disability limitation:

Answer 30

Immediate care

Follow-up/Long-term care

Question 31

What is DASH?

Answer 31

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Question 32

What is permanent total disability?

Answer 32

Loss of 2 limbs or bilateral loss of vision

Question 33

What is permanent partial disability?

Answer 33

Loss of limb or unilateral loss of vision

Question 34

What is temporary total disability?

Answer 34

Fractured arm in a laborer

Question 35

What is temporary partial disability?

Answer 35

Broken arm in a school teacher

Question 36

Norovirus:

Answer 36

Incubation: 1-2 days
Symptom duration: 1-3 days
Food: Raw produce. contaminated water, food handled by infected person

Question 37

Staph aureus:

Answer 37

Incubation: 1-6 hours
Symptom duration: 24-48 hours
Food: not refrigerated meat, poultry, potato egg salad, cream pastries

Question 38

E. coli (STEC):

Answer 38

Incubation period: 3-4 days
Symptom duration: 5-10 days
Food: under cooked beef, raw juice and milk. raw fruits and veggies

Question 39

Listeria menoncytogenes:

Answer 39

Incubation period: 9-48 hours
Symptom duration: variable
Food: Raw milk, cheese, ready to eat deli meat

Question 40

Salmonella:

Answer 40

Incubation period: 24 hours
Symptom duration: 2-4 days
Food: pretty much everything…

Question 41

Campylobacter:

Answer 41

Incubation period: 1-7 days
Symptom duration: 1-7 days
Food: poultry…