Dr. Quan Study Guide Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
is the study of heredity
A
genetics
2
Q
is constructed by mating individuals from two parent strains, each of which exhibits one of the two contrasting forms of the character under study.
A
monohybrid cross
3
Q
The physical appearance of a trait
A
phenotype
4
Q
The original parents are called the P1 or the parental generation, their offspring are the
A
F1
5
Q
Individuals result from self-fertilization of the F1generation are called F2generation
A
F1 cross
6
Q
When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be
A
recessive.
7
Q
During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors ___ randomly so that each gametes receives one or the other with equal likelihood.
A
separate or segregate
8
Q
Genetic characters are controlled by ___ that exist in pairs in individual organisms
A
unit factors
9
Q
is constructed by mating individuals from two parent strains. There are two pairs of contrasting forms of character under study
A
dihybrid cross
10
Q
__ of an organism is the chemical composition of its DNA, which gives rise to the phenotype, or observable traits of an organism
A
genotype
11
Q
The observable properties of an organism that are genetically controlled
A
phenotype
12
Q
The specific allelic or genetic constitution of an organism
A
genotype
13
Q
a sequence of DNA bases containing biologically useful information (Unit factor)
A
gene
14
Q
a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
A
punnett square
15
Q
specific position or location of a gene on a chromosome
A
gene locus
16
Q
alternative form of a gene(Unlike unit factor)
A
allele
17
Q
identical alleles at a locus
A
homologue
18
Q
The first division in MEIOSIS separates ___.The second division in Meiosis separates ___.
A
1st division separates homologous chromosomes
2nd division separates sister chromatids
19
Q
Cells contain two sets of chromosomes
A
diploid
20
Q
cells contain one set of chromosomes (eggs & sperms also called gametes)
A
haploid
21
Q
During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other.
A
independent assortment
22
Q
During gamete formation, segregating pairs of factors assort __ of each other.
A
independently of each other (independent assortment)
23
Q
Combining the gene products from the two alternative alleles produces a intermediate phenotype.
A
incomplete or partial dominance
24
Q
If two alleles are responsible for the production of two distinct and detectable products. The distinct genetic expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called
A
codominance
25
The existence of two or more discontinuous, segregating phenotypes in a population.
polymorphism
example is blood type
26
The phenomenon of masking or modifying the effects of one gene pair by the expression of another gene pair is defined a
epistasis
27
expression, or the lack of expression of certain genes can affect the survival of an organism.. They are usually a result of mutations in genes that are essential to growth or development
lethal allele
28
the gene that determines a specific character is located on a X or Y chromosome
sex linkage
*X/Y chromosomes are sex linked chromosomes
29
During meiosis, a limited number of ____events occurs randomly between homologous chromosomes, the closer two loci reside along the axis of the chromosome, the less likely it is that any __ will occur between them.
crossover
30
The ____ of a genetic disorder is the proportion of individuals with the at-risk genotype who actually express the trait;
complete __means the trait is expressed in 100 percent of persons with that genotype.
penetrance
31
enzymes that cut a DNA molecule at a particular place. They are essential tools for recombinant DNA technology. The enzyme "scans" a DNA molecule, looking for a particular sequence, usually of four to six nucleotides.
restriction enzymes
32
what does the end of the restriction enzyme sequence look like
5'
| 3'TTAA
33
cut straight across the double helix producing ___ends
blunt end
34
Symmetrical cleavage occurs when a restriction endonuclease or enzyme cuts a section of DNA and leaves no overhanging bases
blunt end
35
are fragments of DNA where one strand, after being cleaved by restriction enzymes, is left over hanging another strand. It is cleaved assymetrically and can leave a 5' or a 3' overhang.
adhesive or sticky end
36
the desired DNA fragment with a single strand labeled at one end
end labeling
37
a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue
in situ hybridization
38
Gene cloning makes multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA. A foreign gene is inserted into a bacterial ___ and this recombinant DNA molecule is returned to a bacterial cell.
plasmid
39
a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA.
plasmid
40
an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds
ligase
41
DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase
cDNA
42
add a DNA binding protein that protects the region it binds to, then
random cleavage by nuclease or chemical, followed by removal of the protein and
separation of the DNA strands
Everything except where the protein is binding will be cut
Separation by gel electrophoresis __where no cleavage is observed
footprint
43
– cut human genome into many small pieces and
| put each small piece into a vector, then you have a
genomic DNA library
44
a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.
site-directed mutagenesis
45
for very specific analysis of an
enzyme
introducing a mutation in to a DNA
sequence
site-directed mutagenesis
46
genetically manipulate cultured stem cells, put these into a growing
embryo (mouse), and you have made a chimeric animal (some cells with altered gene
and some are normal)
If the mutated gene gets into the egg or sperm of the next generation, then all of
the next generation will have your gene
gene targeting
47
a DNA sequence that determines the site of transcription initiation for
an RNA polymerase. It is non-coding
promoter (asymmetric)
48
marks a misfolded protein
ubiquitin
49
garbage can of the cell
proteasome
50
stop codons
UAA, UAG,UGA
51
start codon
AUG - methionine (unique because no redundancy)
52
from between AUG (start) to UAA (stop), must be divisible by 3
reading frame
53
3 phases of transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
54
Function of Sigma factor
act as initiation factors
55
template strand vs. coding strand
template strand refers to the sequence of DNA that is copied during the synthesis of mRNA
coding strand is mRNA-like strand because the sequence corresponds to the codons that are translated into protein. U replaces T in the mRNA
56
___proceeds along the antisense or template strand, producing a complementary RNA that is
identical to the sense strand of the DNA, except that the thymine residues in DNA are
substituted by uracil residues in RNA
Transcription
57
A protein binding site, represented by a __, may be a short sequence of nucleotides which is found several times in the genome and is thought to play the same role in its different locations
consensus region sequence
| 10 and 35 positions on a promoter
58
the __ operon is a classic example of repression
trp (tryptophan)
59
prokaryotes regulate genes by
repression and induction
60
the lac operon is under both __transcriptional controls
negative and positive
61
positive control of the lac operon by
glucose or CAP protein
62
negative control of lac operon by a
repressor
63
__act as homodimers
repressors
64
contiguous genes transcribed as a single mRNA
operon
65
repressors bind to DNA sequences called ___, which overlap the promoter region. a bound repressor interferes with binding of RNA polymerase and transcription initiation
Operator
66
a trans-acting repressor binds to the cis-acting operator to turn off
transcription.
67
components of chromatin
DNA (exons,introns, regulatory sequences, junk)
Protein (histone, non-histone)
68
Polycistronic vs. monocistronic transcription
polycistronic is in prokaryotes
monocistronic is in eukaryotes
69
__chromatin clustered as compact regions near the nucleous and nuclear membrane
heterochromatin
70
the most tightly packaged form of DNA. transcriptionally silent.different from cell to cell
heterochromatin
71
__ limit the distance that enhancers operate
insulators
72
buffer the gene from outside
* prevent the control region from acting outside the domain
* prevent spread of heterochromatin
insulators
73
__chromatin is prevalent in cells that are active in the transcription of many of their genes while
Euchromatin
74
heter or eu- chromatin related to necleosome
euchromatin - nucleosome
75
__ factors bind to any gene
general transcription factors
76
DNA wrapped around protein is termed
chromatin
77
_may lie upstream or downstream of a promoter and may be important in conferring tissue-specific
transcription.
enhancers
78
__splicing of mRNA
alternate splicing
79
Alternate splicing of _ can be tissue specific
RNA or mRNA
80
__ domains can be classified into numerous structural typesinto numerous structural types
DNA-binding
81
Polymerase binds nonspecifically to DNA, then sigma factor finds the
promoter sequences, unwinding of DNA around the initiation site, initiation of
transcription
initiation
82
release signma factor and elongate RNA chain
elongation
83
stem-loop in RNA kind of knocks off RNAP
termination
84
__polymerase transcribes mRNA
RNA polymerase II
85
consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation
poly A
86
signaling between cells
intercellular signaling
87
signaling within a cell
intracellular signaling
88
Receptors can be found where
cell-surface or intracellular
89
forms of intracellular signaling
Contact-dependent – cells have to touch each other, ex: stop growing when the
cells are smushed together
Paracrine – neighboring cells targeted
Synaptic – neuron, can be really long distance to synapse
Endocrine – hormone in bloodstream
90
Can one signaling molecule perform multiple functions?
yes -different effects on different
| tissue/organ/area
91
ion channel-linked receptor --> ligand either opens or closes
the channel
Ex: nicotinic Ach Receptor every time muscle contracts
ionotropic receptor
92
related to metabolism, also called G-protein coupled
receptor, receptor on the cell membrane binds with G-protein inside the
cell
Ex: muscarinic Ach Receptor, beta-adrenergic receptor
(norepinephrine= ligand)
Metabotropic receptors
93
cAMP bound to __ frees catalytic subunit (from regulatory subunit) which
phosphorylates molecules – ex: ion channel)
PKA (phosphokinase A)
94
Regulation at the level of __:
1) 5’ capping – keeps RNA from being chewed up/degraded
2) Poly-A tail (3’)– not made from DNA, added later on
3) Splice introns
RNA processing
95
Transcription termination in prokaryotes can be
rho-independent (intrinsic terminators exist in the RNA polymerase) when RNA forms a hairpin structure which displaces RNAP
and rho-dependent the rho protein isassociates the RNAP and moves it off from the template
96
tyrosine kinease receptor, self or auto-phosphorylates, ligand helps bring two together and
they phosphorylate each other (not really self, phosphorylates its twin) (if you
mutate one of the pair then nothing happens)
dimerization
97
__ use the NF-κB signaling pathway
Cytokines
98
__ pathway a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.
NF-kB pathway
99
__ results in destruction of an inhibitory molecule
Phosphorylation,
*results in a cascade of NF-kB pathway
100
RAS proteins are small
G-proteins
101
protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.
proteasomes
102
Transcriptional regulation by chromatin modification
Acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation
103
Adhesive ends can only stick together with another molecule cut by
the
| same restriction enzyme
104
enzyme to specifically label the 5’ end, put a phosphate group
there
end labeling
105
small virus that infects bacteria
bacterial plasmid
106
Constructing a genomic DNA library
cut human genome into many small pieces and
| put each small piece into a vector, then you have a library
107
Lyse cells and purify mRNA
Hybridize with poly(T) primer
Make DNA copy with reverse transcriptase
Degrade RNA with RNase
Synthesize complementary DNA strand using DNAP (RNA fragment as primer)
synthesis of cDNA
108
add a DNA binding protein that proteins the region it binds to, then
random cleavage by nuclease or chemical, followed by removal of the protein and
separation of the DNA strands
DNA footprinting
109
Ubiquitin gets transferred to the misfolded protein, get a chain of
__, the flag that it needs to be degraded
multiubiquitin
110
Amino Acid Activation – AA + ATP -->
adenylated amino acid
Then adds to tRNA --> Forms
aminoacyl tRNA
111
Structure of transfer RNA
clover structure
112
Importance of protein folding
makes protein functional
