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Module 203 > DR2 > Flashcards

DR2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main parts of the uterus?

A

Upper 2/3 including fundus = body

Cervix = lower part of the uterus

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2
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Dome-shaped uppermost part of the body above the fallopian tubal openings

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3
Q

Wall of uterus

A

Perimetrium (outer lining)
Myometrium
Endometrium (inner lining)

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4
Q

Cervical canal

A

Narrower than uterine opening

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5
Q

Cervical canal openings

A

Internal os - communicates superiorly with the uterine cavity
External os - communicates inferiorly with the vagina

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6
Q

Nulliparous

A

Women who have not given birth to children

Narrow and circular external os

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7
Q

Parous

A

Women who has had children hence external os remains enlarged thus forming a transverse slit

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8
Q

Main divisions of the broad ligament

A

Mesovarioum
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium

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9
Q

Mesovarioum

A

Posterosuperior portion that surrounds the ovary

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10
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

Small anterosuperior portion that encloses the Fallopian tube
Mesentery of the uterine tube

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11
Q

Mesometrium

A

Larger portion, inferior to the Fallopian tubes

Mesentery of the uterus

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12
Q

Attachment point of broad ligament

A

Lateral edge of uterus inferior to the entrance of the uterine tube

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13
Q

Ligaments associated with the uterus

A

Broad ligament
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of the uterus

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14
Q

Ligaments embedded within the broad ligament

A

Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of the uterus

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15
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Medial border of the ovary to where the fallopian tube joins the uterus

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16
Q

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

Lateral border of the ovary to the parietal peritoneum

Keeps the ovaries suspended

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17
Q

Round ligament of the uterus

A

From fundus region of the uterus
Travels across the pelvic brim and enters the deep inguinal ring, crosses the inguinal canal and exits the pelvis to terminate within the labia majora

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18
Q

Uterine artery

A

Crucial to differentiate the ureter and uterine artery from each other in order to prevent clamping of the artery by mistake

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19
Q

What structures relating to the uterus are closely interlinked?

A

Uterine artery and ureter

Ureter arches inferiorly to the uterine artery

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20
Q

Describe the position of the uterus.

A

Anteverted - curved anteriorly over the bladder which it partially obscures

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21
Q

Recto-uterine pouch or pouch of Douglas

A

2/3 down the rectum, the peritoneum reflects onto the posterior surface of the uterus
Lowest part of the peritoneal cavity in the female

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22
Q

Utero-vesical pouch

A

Between the uterus and the bladder, the peritoneum arcs

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23
Q

Clinical relevance of recto-uterine pouch

A

Potential site for accumulation of fluid

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24
Q

Ovaries

A

Located close to the lateral walls of the pelvis

Atrophy after menopause

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25
Two endpoints of the vagina
Cervix | Vestibule
26
Anterior and posterior fornix
Recess where the vagina attaches to the cervix
27
Wall of the vagina
Thin muscular layer | Muscle may assist with childbirth
28
Main factors responsible for delivery
Contraction by myometrium | Increase in abdominal pressure
29
Anterior and posterior walls of vagina
Generally in contact except at cervical end | Vaginal canal is normally collapsed
30
Recto-vesical pouch
Extending from the middle part of the rectum on to the posterior surface of the bladder and seminal vesicles
31
Pararectal fossae
Peritoneum reflects laterally at this point from the sides of the rectum to the abdominal wall
32
Vas deferens
Travels from the scrotum to the point it enters the abdomen | Duct appears from the deep inguinal ring and travels to the posterior aspect of the bladder
33
Blood supply to the vas deferens
Anastamosis of the vesical and testicular arteries
34
Venous drainage to the vas deferens
Vesical vein | Testicular vein
35
Ampulla of the vas deferens
Diameter dilates at its distal end
36
Seminal vesicles
Lateral to the two ampullae
37
Ejaculatory ducts
Ducts from seminal vesicles join ampulla of vas deferens
38
Prostate gland
Inferior to the bladder
39
Prostatic urethra
Surrounded by the prostate gland
40
Small median lobe of the prostate
Between ejaculatory ducts and urethra
41
Benign senile hypertrophy of the prostate
Enlargement of the median lobe of the prostate
42
Penile urethra
Spongy urethra
43
Structures and openings of the vulva
``` Mons pubis Labia majora and minora Glans of the clitoris Prepuce Urethral openings Vaginal openings ```
44
Mons pubis
Anterior to the vulva | mass of fatty tissue lying over the joint of the pubic bones
45
Prepuce
Surrounds the glands of the clitoris
46
Anal opening
Close proximity between the anal and urethral/vaginal openings
47
Perineal membrane
Sphincter muscles on the left hand side in the deep perineal pouch
48
Clitoris
Erectile organ comparable to the male penis Role purely as an organ of arousal in females Sensitive organ as greater proportion of nerve terminals located in the glans
49
Bulbs of vestibule/Bartholin's glands/greater vestibule glands
Surround vaginal opening | Enlarged when filled with blood via pudendal artery
50
Crus of the clitoris
Two erectile tissue structures that converge on the clitoral body
51
Scrotum
Contains the egg-shaped testis
52
Spermatic cord
Contains all supportive elements linking the testes to the intra-abdominal space
53
Tunica vaginalis
Encloses testis and epididymis
54
Tunica albuginea
Intimate layer covering the outer surface of the testis | Whitish appearance
55
Testis
Inner lobules containing numerous, highly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced
56
Gonadal vessels
Descend from the abdominal region/aorta L2
57
Main structures of the penis
Glans Body Root
58
Tissue within penis
2 corpora cavernosa | 1 corpus spongiosum
59
Corpora cavernosa
Dorsal side of penis | Responsible for erection after filling with blood to produce considerable hydraulic pressure
60
Corpus spongiosum
Surrounds the spongy or penile urethra
61
Cavernosa bodies
Fibre arrangement prevents penis from ballooning thus keeping its characteristic cylindrical shape
62
Tunica albuginea
Surrounding tough fibrous cover over the testis | Limits distension
63
Corpus cavernosum
Forms the bulk of the penis and the clitoris
64
Define the Broad ligament
Double layer of peritoneum on either side of the uterus that acts to stabilise the uterus
65
Physiological causes of fluid accumulation in the recto-uterine pouch
Ruptured follicles Retrograde menstruation Increase in ovarian permeability due to oestrogen influence
66
Pathological causes of fluid accumulation in the recto-uterine pouch
Ruptured ectopic Pelvic inflammatory disease Tubo-Ovarian abscess Pelvic abscess/haematoma
67
Cul-de-Sac
Recto-uterine pouch or Pouch of Douglas
68
Possible symptoms for pouch of Douglas
``` Painful periods Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) Abdominal pain Abdominal distension Abnormal uterine bleeding Reduced stool ```
69
Vasectomy
Vas deferens cut or sealed to act as a form of contraception by preventing sperm entering the urethra
70
What happens to sperm during a vasectomy?
Sperm will be produced by the Sertoli cells but they degrade in the testis as there is no need for the testis - prevents accumulation of sperm in testes
71
Four parts of the Fallopian tube
Isthmus Fimbrae Infundibulum Ampulla
72
Layers of the Fallopian tube
Mucosa - folded walls with ciliated cells Muscularis externa Serosa
73
Where is an ovum fertilised?
Ampulla
74
Buck's Fascia
Around corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum
75
Tunica dartos
Superficial layer around superficial veins
76
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Men - stabilises erect penis | Women - tenses the vagina during orgasm
77
Cavernous veno-occlusive mechanism
As the corpus cavernosum fills with blood, the tunica albuginea stretches and the veins fill with blood. This causes an increase in the venous pressure and decrease in venous outflow (PS innervation) to form a hard penis.
78
Vaginismus
Involuntary contraction of the perineal muscles preventing vaginal penetration
79
Vaginal changes
Premenopausal vagina - folds in the wall of vagina provides lubrication Postmenopausal vagina - smoother inner vaginal wall with reduced lubrication

Module 203 (10 decks)

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