DRO - Midterm Flashcards by CHRISTINE ALCANTARA

Provides a stable support for the delicate emulsion

Film base

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Constructed to withstand heat, moisture
and chemical exposure

Film base

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Thin layer of adhesive material that covers
both sides of the film base

Adhesive Layer

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Serves to attach the emulsion to the base

Adhesive layer

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Thin, transparent coating placed over the emulsion

Protective layer

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Protects the emulsion surface from manipulation, mechanical and processing damage

Protective layer

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Coating attached to both sides of the film base

Film emulsion

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Film emulsion is a homogenous mixture of

gelatin and silver
halide crystals

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Gives the film greater sensitivity to x-radiation

Film emulsion

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Used to suspend and evenly disperse millions
of silver halide crystals

Gelatin

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Serves to absorb the processing solutions
and allows the chemical to react with the
silver halide crystals during processing

Gelatin

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chemical compound that is sensitive to radiation and light

Halide

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Absorb radiation during x-ray exposure
Store energy from radiation

Silver Halide Crystals

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Stored energy within the silver halide crystals and
creates an invisible image within the emulsion
on the exposed film

Latent Image Formation

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remains invisible until chemical processing is done

Latent image formation

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Film that is placed inside the mouth during
x-ray exposure

Intraoral Film

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Film that is placed outside the mouth during
x-ray exposure

Extraoral Film

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Film that is used to make an identical copy
of an intraoral or extraoral radiograph

Duplicating Film

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Shields the film from back-scattered radiation
that may lead to fogging

Lead foil sheet

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Soft vinyl or paper wrapper that hermetically seals the film packet

Outer package wrapping

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Reverse Film Placement

Tire Track/Herringbone Pattern

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Used to examine the entire tooth & supporting bone

Periapical film

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Used to examine the crowns of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth on one film

Bitewing film

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Used for examination of large areas of the maxilla
or the mandible

Occlusal film

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size 0

22 x 35 mm

For very small children

Size 0

For children and anterior teeth in adults

Size 1

24 x 40 mm

Used to examine the anterior and posterior teeth in adults

Size 2

31 x 41 mm

Film sizes for periapical film

Size 0,1,2

Used to examine the posterior teeth in very small children (below 6 y.o.)

Size 0

Used to examine the posterior teeth in children

Size 1

Used to examine the posterior teeth in adults

Size 2

Used only for bitewing

Size 3

27 x 54 mm

Size 3

57 x 76 mm

Size 4

Used to show large areas of the upper or lower jaws

Size 4

refers to the amount of radiation required to produce a radiograph of standard density

Film speed

Which anatomic landmark connects the superior border of the external auditory canal with the infraorbital rim? a. Frankfort plane b. Midsagittal line c. Occlusal plane d. Canthomeatal line

a. Frankfort plane

The tubehead is a component of the x-ray that helps limit radiation to the patient in all of the following functions EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Inherent filtration within glass tube, insulating oil, and tubehead b.Rectangular collimated PID c. Production of both long wavelength and short wavelength x-ray d. Collimation with lead disk placed in the pathway of the x-ray beam

c. Production of both long wavelength and short wavelength x-ray

A breakdown of chemicals in the processing solution that results from exposure to air is termed: a. Replenishment b. Reduction c. Oxidation

c. Oxidation

The cause of elongation of tooth images on the film is: a. Insufficient vertical angulation b. Too much vertical angulation c. Insufficient horizontal angulation d. Too much horizontal angulation

a. Insufficient vertical angulation

Which of the following statements regarding zone 5 in panoramic radiograph is correct? a. Spin may be present and it is acceptable to be superimposed over the ramus b. The distance between the ramus and spine should be greater on the left side c. The width of the ramus should be similar on both side of the image

c. The width of the ramus should be similar on both side of the image

Which purpose of the establishment of a regular sequence for image exposure? a. Avoids duplication or missed images b. Facilitates patient's cooperation c. Provides practice in ergonomic movement d. Aids in mounting of images

c. Provides practice in ergonomic movement

Pre-exposure preparation include all EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. In front of patient, wash hands and put on disposable gloves b. Ask patient to remove eyeglasses and removable appliances c. Drape patient with lead apron if exposing more than 1 image d. Adjust x-ray unit settings and position tube head

a. In front of patient, wash hands and put on disposable gloves

Examples of surfaces that must be covered or disinfected include all EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Lead apron b. Dental chair headrest c. Processing tank cover handle d. Area where sensors / films are placed during exposure

c. Processing tank cover handle

What kind of image is formed by the objects that lie between the center of rotation and the receptor? a. Ghost image b. Double image C. Real image

C. Real image

Which is represented by an imaginary line extending from the interproximal space of the maxillary central incisors through the nasal septum, to the middle of the anterior arch of the atlas a. Occlusal plane b. Frankfort plane c. Midsagittal plane d. Canthomeatal line

c. Midsagittal plane

Which of the following is the unit used to measure radiation exposure? a. Radiation absorbed dose (RAD) b. Roentgen equivalent in man (REM) c. Gray (Gy) d. Roentgen (R

d. Roentgen (R

In manual film processing, the rinsing step is necessary because: a. Rinsing removes the silver halide crystals from the emulsion b. Rinsing slows down the fixation process c. Rinsing removes the developer from the film and stops the development process d. Rinsing reduces the energized silver halide crystals to black metallic silver

Rinsing slows down the fixation process

What is the chemical preservative in the fixing solution that prevents it from oxidizing? a. Sodium bromide b. Sodium sulfite C.Acetic acid d. Sodium thiosulfate

b. Sodium sulfite

16. The information necessary on the label of a patient's x-ray mount are: Patient's name and tooth number Patient's name, date and time Patient and dentists name Patient's name, date, and dentist name

Patient's name, date, and dentist name

Which technology is similar to consumer-grade video cameras? a. Charge-coupled devices b. Complementary metal oxide semiconductors c. Flat panel detectors d. Solid-state detectors

d. Solid-state detectors

The chemical components in the processing solution that allows hardening of the film is: a. Aluminum sulfate b. Sodium sulfate c. Acetic acid d. Sodium thiosulfate

a. Aluminum sulfate

Film, charge-coupled devices, and complementary metal oxide semiconductors are all examples of a. image receptors b. paralleling receptors C. Intraoral sensors d. digital imaging tools

C. Intraoral sensors

A radiograph that has many shades of gray is considered to have: a. Low density b. Low contrast c. High contrast d. High density

B. Low contrast

When an X-ray photon passes through matter, which of the following situations is MOST likely to occur: a. Coherent scatter b. Photoelectric effect c. Compton scatter d. Characteristic radiation

b. Photoelectric effect

From the following list, select the four characteristics that describe properties of dental x-radiation: 1 Absorbed by matter 2 May cause certain substances to fluoresce 3 Travels at the speed of sound 4 Carry a positive charge 5 Capable of penetrating matter 6 Travels in straight line 7 May be focused to a point a. 1,2,3 and 4 b. 2,3,4, and 7 C. 1,2.4 and 6 d. 1,2,5 and 6 e. 3,4,6 and 7

d. 1,2,5 and 6

The first receptor used in oral radiology was made of ? a. Acetate b. Polyester c. Blue plastic d. Glass

Glass

Panoramic images are useful in all cases, EXCEPT: a. evaluation of jaw fractures b. intraosseous pathology C. proximal caries and small carious lesions d. tooth development and eruption in mixed dentition

C. proximal caries and small carious lesions

What is the recommended collimation of the radiation beam at the patient's skin surface? a. 2.75 cm b. 1.5 Inches C. 3.75 inches d. 2.75 inches

d. 2.75 inches

All, EXCEPT one, are techniques for handling patients with a strong gag reflex. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Administer general anesthesia b. Encourage rapid breathing through mouth c. Reduce apprehension d. Minimize tissue irritation

b. Encourage rapid breathing through mouth

All, EXCEPT one, are advantages of digital imaging. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Eliminates hazardous wastes b. Film requires more radiation than digital receptors C. Electronically transferable D. Enriches chemical processing

D. Enriches chemical processing

It is important for the clinician to be systematic when viewing panoramic image to prevent overlooking anything that might be a deviation from normal. The dentition will be visible in Zone 2 when utilizing this approach. a. Both statements are FALSE b. The first statement is TRUE, the second statement is FALSE c. Both statements are TRUE d. D. The first statement is FALSE, the second statement is TRUE

b. The first statement is TRUE, the second statement is FALSE

The purpose of selective reduction in film processing is to: a. Conversion of energized silver halide crystal to black metallic silver and retain unexposed silver halide crystal b. Maintain the unenergized silver halide crystals and remove black metallic silver that was left on the film c. Conversion of energized silver halide crystals to black metallic silver and remove unexposed silver halide crystal d. Select which areas at the latent image needs to be converted to black metallic Sillver

c. Conversion of energized silver halide crystals to black metallic silver and remove unexposed silver halide crystal

Foreshortening of image results when the central ray is perpendicular to the film but the object is not parallel with the film. Elongation of a radiographic image results when the central ray is perpendicular to the object but not to the film a. Both statements are FALSE b. The first statement is TRUE, the second statement is FALSE Both statements are TRUE d. The first statement is FALSE, the second statement is TRUE

Both statements are TRUE

Which is the BEST way to reduce unnecessary dental radiation exposure of children? a. Take only required images for individual patients b. Employ digital imaging C. Use a lead apron with thyroid collar D. Exposure bitewing and panoramic images at age intervals

C. Use a lead apron with thyroid collar

What kind of image is formed by the objects that lie between the center of rotation and X-ray a. Double image b.Real image c. Ghost image

c. Ghost image

Which is the main purpose for holding fim by the edges? a. Prevent damage softened emulsion b. Prevent fingerprint c. Block chemical reaction generated by body heat d. Avoid changing film contrast

b. Prevent fingerprint

Which is the purpose of agitating the film hanger/ clip after insertion into the solution? Mix the chemicals Eliminate air bubbles Reduce chance of full submerging Create increased air flow

Eliminate air bubbles

All processing measures, EXCEPT one, ensure quality control in the darkroom. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Check for darkroom light leaks frequently b. Prepare processing solutions according to manufacturer's directions c. Expose double film packet with new solutions, compare to later-processed films d. Maintain film distance of 6 feet from safelight

d. Maintain film distance of 6 feet from safelight

The ALARA Principle is a way to minimize excessive radiation exposures for our patients. What does ALARA mean a. As Low As Reasonably Achievable b. AttainableAbout Less As Reasonable Attainable c. About As Low As Roentgen Achieved d. Approximately Level Amount of Radiations Altitudes

a. As Low As Reasonably Achievable

ALL, EXCEPT one, are characteristics of a high quality periapical image. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Displays tooth crowns with open contact b. Demonstrates at least 1 mm of periapical bone C. Shows full length of roots d. Exhibits minimal distortion

a. Displays tooth crowns with open contact

Radiographic image will have increased density if the operator: a. Increases the distance of the X-ray source to the image receptor b. Increases the kVp C. Decreased the milliamperage (mA) d. Decreases the kVp

b. Increases the kVp

The unit of radiation most often used to compare the harm that various forms of radiation can do to biological tissues is: a. The rem b. Both the absorbed dose and rem C. The sievert d. Both sievert and the rem e. The absorbed dose

d. Both sievert and the rem

Which of the following terminologies are described as a radiograph that has been exposed and not developed? a. Herringbone pattern b. Latent image c. Elongation d. Overdeveloped

b. Latent image

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered in 1895? a. The law of gravity b. Alpha particles C. RI Gamma rays d. X-rays or ionizing radiation

d. X-rays or ionizing radiation

the mental fossa is visible in which radiographic image? a. Maxillary canine b. Maxillary premolar C. Mandibular central d. Mandibular premolar

C. Mandibular central

Which of the following phrases describes the primary x-ray beam? a. The x-ray beam that is scattered within the x-ray machine that never gets out of the machine b. The x-ray beam while it is inside the object of interest (the jaw) C. The x-ray beam that leaves the object of interest (the jaw) but before it reaches the receptor d. The x-ray beam that leaves the x-ray machine but before it enters the object of interest (the jaw)

d. The x-ray beam that leaves the x-ray machine but before it enters the object of interest (the jaw)

In a darkroom, the correct lighting and distance from the working surface should be: a. A 60-watt bulb placed 6 feet away b. A 30-watt bulb placed 8 feet away c. A 7.5-watt bulb placed 4 feet away d. A 75-watt bulb placed 4 feet away

c. A 7.5-watt bulb placed 4 feet away

Radiation may damage cells indirectly by damaging the cell nucleus. Direct cellular damage occurs when ionization causes radiolysis of water producing hydrogen peroxide a. Both statements are true b. Both statements are false c. The first is true, and the second statement is false D. The first is false, and the second statement is true

D. The first is false, and the second statement is true

X-rays are actually produced in the X-ray tube by: Radioactive decay of particulate matter Electrical current passing through a mixture of oil and gasses creating energy peaks High speed photons colliding with the electrons in the oil mixture and target area High speed electrons interacting with the nucleus of target atoms giving off radiation

High speed electrons interacting with the nucleus of target atoms giving off radiation

Infection control guidelines designed to protect health care workers are called Standards Cross contamination procedures Blood-borne pathogen standards Universal precautions

Universal precautions

A device that is used to demonstrate a short-scale and long-scale contrast. a. Aluminum disc b. Long and short PID c. Stepwedge d. Lead collimator

Which is the main difference between the CCD technology and the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology? a. Pixel arrangement b. Flat panel detectors Production of electron-hole pairs d. Manner in which pixel are read

d. Manner in which pixel are read

Which is the MAIN purpose of eyeglass removal prior to dental x-ray removal prior to dental x-ray exposure? a. Patient comfort b. Prevention of artifact on images c. To avoid accidentally hitting them with tube head d. Disruption of cross-contamination

Production of a digital image requires a process called a. Solid-state technology detectors b. Numeric conversion c. Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) technology d. Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)

d. Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)

All of the following are examples of radiosensitive cells EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Cells with high mitotic activity b. Older, mature cells c. Cells with higher metabolism d. Primitive nonspecialized cells

c. Cells with higher

In rapid manual film processing, at 68 F, the developing time is at: 9-12 seconds b. 6-8 seconds c. 10-12 seconds d. 5 minutes

d. 5 minutes

Which is the proper method for mounting radiographs? a. Radiographs should be mounted with dot towards the mesial b. Radiographs should be mounted with dot toward the distal C. Radiographs should be mounted as if you were looking out from patient's tongue d. Radiographs should be mounted as if you were facing the patient

d. Radiographs should be mounted as if you were facing the patient

Considering the panoramic and cephalometric equipment as a potential source of cross-contamination, all statements are true, EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION a. Wipe head-position guides with disinfectant b. Disposable bite blocks may be used c. Disposable gloves are not necessary, as this is extraoral imaging D. After disinfecting ear post, cover in plastic

D. After disinfecting ear post, cover in plastic

Which structure appears as a radiopaque line surrounding the root of the tooth? a. Periodontal ligament space b. Trabeculae c. Pulp d. Lamina dura

d. Lamina dura

Which of the following images is considered as an artifact when seen on the processed image: - The processed image did not include the tooth that needs to be examined - A resultant image characterized by an increased density - An image with irregular-shaped spots - The crown of the tooth is not shown - 2 superimposed images when the exposed film was accidentally re-exposed

The crown of the tooth is not shown 2 superimposed

All of the following, EXCEPT one, must occur before seating the patient for imaging. Which one is the EXCEPTION? Gather paper supplies such as cotton rolls and cups Cover chair and aiming cylinder Wash hands, don gloves Obtain and prepare imaging sensors/ film

Gather paper supplies such as cotton rolls and cups

All factors, EXCEPT one, should be considered when retaking an image. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Correction of exposing or processing error b. Appearance of images in mount c. Initial reason for images d. Missing information available in different image

Initial reason for images

The interproximal contacts on the dental image are closed. You will need to do a retake. What should you do in order to achieve open interproximal contacts on your rateke radiograph? a. Direct the PID at a +10 degree vertical angulation b. Direct the PID through contacts of the teeth Direct the PID at a -10 degree vertical angulation d. Stabilize the receptor when the patient bites

Direct the PID through contacts of the teeth

Which BEST explains why longer exposure times are required for molar periapical images? a. Photons must travel through more tissue b. Teeth located more posteriorly C. Tongue obstructs or partially covers molars d. More teeth to image

Photons must travel through more tissue

Which is NOT a proper handling technique for sterilized nondisposable film-holding instruments? a. Transport contaminated instruments to sterilizing are in bag b. Best to submerge instruments in disinfectant c. Remove instruments from bags immediately before use d. Keep instrument in bags for storage

c. Remove instruments from bags immediately before use

Overlapped interproximal contacts are caused by improper vertical angulation. To prevent overlap,the vertical angulation should be adjusted to +10 degrees The first sfatement is TRUE;the second statement is FALSE b. The first statement is FALSE;the second statement is TRUE Both statement are FALSE d.both statements are true

Both statement are FALSE

Which best practice reduces the chance of fogged film due to statter radiation? a. Process films in solution of optical temperature b. Avoid storing film in an area susceptible to heat c. Move exposed film outside the radiation area d. Never use film past the expiration date

d. Never use film past the expiration date

All of the following factors increase image sharpness EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Movement b. Decreased penumbra c. Slower film speed d.Small focal spot

a. Movement

Which mandibular anatomic landmark can be seen as a radiolucent area on a mandibular premolar periapical image? a. Genial tubercle b. E. Mental ridge c. Lingual foramen d.Internal oblique ridge e. mental foramen

e. mental foramen

Erythema, nausea, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and loss of hair are signs and symptoms with: a. Chronic radiation exposure b. Acute radiation exposure c.Stochastic effects of radiation exposure d.Nonstochastic effects of radiation exposure

b. Acute radiation exposure

The transformer used to heat the filament of x-ray tube is: a. The step-down transformer The rechargeable DC battery circuit c. The autotransformer d.The step-up transformer

a. The step-down transformer

When exposing a periapical film using a bisecting technique, if the cone does not cover the films, the resultant image will be: a.Blurring elongation bForeshortened teeth c. Cone-cutting

Cone cutting

The shades of gray in dental radiograph correspond with .? a. There is no correlation with the object being exposed b. The density of the objects being exposed c. The type of collimation used for the exposure d. The amount of humidity on the dental office atmosphere

The density of the objects being exposed

If a photon collides with an atom or electron and has enough energy to displace it, but does not transfer all of its energy to the atom or the electron, it will continue on weaker as scattered radiation. This is called: Compton scatter Bremsstrahlung radiation Classical scattering Photoelectric effect

Compton scatter

If the raised portion of the orientation dot is toward the operator when mounting radiographs, the mounting technique that is being employed is known as the: a. Labial mounting b. Paralleling mounting technique c. Bisecting mounting technique d. Lingual mounting technique

a. Labial mounting

Which is the main advantage of opaque film mounts? a. Obscure stray light around images Cost effective Easy to handle No plastic window to show scratches

Obscure stray light around images

Prodromal symptoms like vomiting, nausea, risk to infection and feeling sick will affect the patient if it is exposed to roentgen rays of: 1-2 Gy 25 Gy 50 Gy 100 Gy

1-2 GY

Which is the purpose of the layer of scintillating material coated directly on the charge- coupled device (CCD) surface? a. Increase x-ray absorption efficiency b. Enhance production of electron-hole pairs Decrease sensitivity to white light d. Transfer each row of pixel charges to the next row

Increase x-ray absorption efficiency

The smaller the silver halide crystals in the emulsion of an intraoral film, the faster the film speed. Faster film speed reduces radiation exposure to the patient. a. Both true Both false 1st true 2nd false 1st false 2nd true

1st false 2nd true

X-rays interact with matter to produce: Dessication and excitation lonization and replication lonization and dessication lonization and excitation

lonization and replication

In the time-temperature method of processing, if the temperature of the developer solution was identified at 80F (26.5°C), how long is the developing time? a. 5 ½ minutes b. 9-12 minutes 2 ½ minutes 3 minutes

2 ½ minutes

Which statement is false about focal trough? aThe location of focal trough does not change with extensive machine use b. Objects outside focal trough are blurred, magnified, or reduced in size c. The location of focal trough can change with extensive machine use Images are more clear in the middle and become less clear further from the central line

The location of focal trough does not change with extensive machine use

At diagnostic levels, what percentage of the electron energy is converted to x-radiation at the anode? Less than 1% 2% 10% d. About 98%

Less than 1%

Arrange in chronological sequence involved in manual film processing: 1. Drying 2. Development 3. Washing 4. Rinsing 5. Fixing

24531

Which of the following describes the appearance of a carious lesion on the mesial or distal surface of a molar on a dental image? a. Triangular, radiopaque b. Circular, radiopaque c. Triangular, radiolucent d. Circular, radiolucent

Triangular, radiopaque

Which statement BEST describes a principle of radiographic image magnification? a. Greater target-receptor distance increases greater image magnification b. Target-receptor distance does not affect magnification C. Greater target-receptor distance reduces image magnification d. Less target receptor distance reduces image magnification

C. Greater target-receptor distance reduces image magnification

Which statement BEST describes changes to the atom during the ionization process? a. The atom loses an electron and will have a positive charge b. The atom loses an electron and will have a negative charge c,The atom gains an electron and will have a positive charge d.The atom gains an electron and will have a negative charge

a. The atom loses an electron and will have a positive charge

When you are making an x-ray exposure, which of the following procedures will reduce your exposure to the x-rays? a. Positioning yourself outside the room or behind a barrier b. Never holding or stabilizing the tube head C. Standing at least 6 feet away from the tube head

Positioning yourself outside the room or behind a barrier

The emulsion in the film is hardened during Washing Development Fixation Rinsing drying

Fixation

Which is the primary goal of dental imaging infection control procedures a. Protecting the health care provider b. Ensuring quality images c. Preventing cross-contamination d. Protecting the patient

c. Preventing cross-contamination

What is the kilovoltage peak a. The voltage applied to the tungsten filament Wattage rating for any given x-ray tube The amperage that flows through the filament and anode

The amperage that flows through the filament and anode

The chemical in the processing solution that cinerts the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver is: a. Acetic acid b. Potassium hydroxide c. Hydroquinone d. Sodium sulfite e. Phenidone hydroquinone

e. Phenidone hydroquinone

DRO - Midterm Flashcards

(129 cards)