DRR Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
The ________ share responsibility for supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide
A
cardiovascular and respiratory system
2
Q
The Respiratory System oversee ______
A
the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the external environment
3
Q
If either respiratory or cardiovascular system fail, the cells begin to die from _____________
A
oxygen starvation & accumulation of carbon dioxide
4
Q
Gas exchange ONLY happens in the
A
Alveoli
5
Q
Upper Respiratory Tract –
Lower Respiratory Tract –
A
Upper Respiratory Tract – Nose to the Larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract – Trachea to the Alveoli
6
Q
All other respiratory system structures are conducting passageways (except alveoli) that carry air through the lungs These conducting passageways also serve to __________
A
purify, humidify, and warm incoming air
7
Q
The ONLY externally visible part of the respiratory system. Air enters in this by passing through the ________
A
Nose
Air enters the nose by passing through the nostrils (nares)
8
Q
This is the Interior part has the Nasal Cavity w/c contain _________
A
Nose; olfactory receptors
9
Q
What lines the nose that keep the air warm?
A
Lined by a respiratory mucosa that warms the air
Mucosa also have mucus-producing cells
10
Q
Mucus found in nose moistens the air & traps incoming pathogens such as bacteria and debris; the mucus also contain _________ & __________
A
lysozymes & IgA
11
Q
NOSE
Ciliated cells of the mucosa bring the mucus to the throat that leads to the_____ to be _____
A
Ciliated cells of the mucosa bring the mucus to the throat that leads to the stomach to be digested
12
Q
What happens to cilia during cold temperatures?
A
cilia become sluggish
13
Q
structure that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
A
Palate
- Hard Palate is where the palate is *supported by bone *
- Soft Palate is the unsupported posterior part
14
Q
ducts in the nose that drain tears from the eyes, empty into the nasal cavity
A
Nasolacrimal ducts
15
Q
The nasal cavity is surrounded by what structures?
What’s the purpose of these structures
A
Paranasal Sinuses
✓** Lighten the skull** & acts as Resonance chamber for speech
✓ Sinuses also produce mucus which drains into the nasal cavity
16
Q
- Muscular passageway about 13 cm (5 inches)
- Common passageway for food and air
- Also houses clusters of lymphatic tissues – tonsils
A
Pharynx (Throat)
17
Q
3 Regions of the Pharynx (Throat)
A
(1) Nasopharynx
✓ Region where air enters
✓Region that connects with the nose & pharyngotympanic tubes
(2) Oropharynx
✓Portion where air and food meet
(3) Laryngopharynx
✓Enters to the larynx below
✓Continuous with the esophagus
18
Q
Routes air and food into proper channels. Also plays a role in speech
A
LARYNX (VOICE BOX)
19
Q
Composition of Larynx (voice box)
A
Composed of 8 hyaline & 1 elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
20
Q
largest of the hyaline cartilage found in Larynx
A
Adam’s Apple
21
Q
LARYNX
referred as the “Guardian of the Airway”, as it
protects the superior opening of the larynx
How does it function during breathing? During food swallowing?
A
Epiglottis
- During Breathing, epiglottis allows passage of air into the lower respiratory passages – which leads to the trachea
- During food swallowing, the epiglottis forms a lid over the larynx which reroutes the food into the esophagus – which leads to the stomach
22
Q
triggered when anything other than air enters the larynx
id doesn’t work when? hence?
A
Cough Reflex
Cough reflex DOES NOT WORK when UNCONSCIOUS. Hence, DO NOT GIVE FLUIDS to an unconscious person
23
Q
are a pair of folds that form part of the larynx’s mucus membrane
A
Vocal Folds (True Vocal Cords)
24
Q
Vocal Folds in Larynx
These folds vibrate with expelled air, wherein this vibration allows _____
A
allows us to speak
25
About 10 to 12 cm (4 inches) long; found within the fifth thoracic vertebra (the midchest area)
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
26
The ONLY way air can enter the lungs
## Footnote
What life-threatening event happens when this is obstructed?
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
## Footnote
Hence, **tracheal obstruction** is life-threatening (e.g., **choking**)
27
Tracheal walls are reinforced with ________. Lined with ________ that beat continuously in a ________ direction; also have ____ cells
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Lined with **ciliated mucosa** that beat continuously in a **superior direction**; also have **goblet cells**
28
How does Carbon dioxide cause cell death
CO2 breaks down and combines to other subtances causing the pH to decrease (ACIDIC BLOOD) --> can lead to coma
29
How does conducting passageway serve to warm incoming air?
Though Body temp
30
The cilia propel the mucus away from the lungs to the ________, where it can be swallowed or spat out
throat
31
this inhibits and ultimately destroys the cilia
## Footnote
What is the only way of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs?
Smoking
## Footnote
Hence, **coughing** is their ONLY WAY of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs
32
For smokers having respiratory congestion, they should AVOID medication that inhibit _____________
## Footnote
What do you call these medications?
cough reflex
## Footnote
AVOID EXPECTORANTS
33
the main bronchi is formed by the division of the _______
trachea
34
Right main bronchus vs Left Main Bronchus
1. RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS – wider, shorter, straighter than the left
2. Right main bronchus is the more common site for an inhaled foreign
object to become lodged
35
Occupy the entire thoracic cavity EXCEPT for the mediastinum
Lungs
36
Each lung is divided into ______ by ________
## Footnote
How many of this does each lung has?
Each lung is divided into **lobes** by **fissures**
* Left lung has two lobes, the Right has three lobes
37
The main bronchi are subdivided into smaller and smaller branches until it reaches the smallest conducting passageways called the ________
bronchioles
38
The branching of the passageways within the lungs is referred to as the
bronchial or respiratory tree
39
The terminal bronchioles lead into the respiratory zone structures, which terminates in the _____
Alveoli
40
What does the respiratory zone include?
## Footnote
It is the only site for?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
## Footnote
The only site for gas exchange (ALVEOLI)
41
The lungs is mostly ________, and is a light, soft organ
air spaces
42
What type of tissue are the walls of alveoli?
Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue
43
External walls of the alveoli are covered with?
pulmonary capillaries
44
This alveoli-pulmonary capillary structure creates the?
Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
45
How does gas exchnage occur in the lungs
| through what type of transport?
Gas exchange occurs by **Simple Diffusion** through the respiratory
membrane
46
final line of defense for the respiratory system
## Footnote
This is the final line of defense because of the cells found in here. What cells?
Alveoli
## Footnote
Alveolar Macrophages **“Dust Cells”,** wander in and out of the alveoli picking up bacteria and debri
47
Alveoli also have ___________ which produce a lipid molecule which coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces and is very important in lung function
Surfactant-secreting Cells
48
this molecule lowers the surface tension of the film of water lining each alveolar sac so that the alveoli do not collapse between each breath
Surfactant
49
This occurs when albumin is low and the capillaries in the lungs leak water
Pulmonary edema
50
Converts food into raw materials that build and fuel our body’s cells
Digestive system
51
2 main groups of organs in the digestive system and their main function
**(1) Organs forming the Alimentary Canal** – performs digestive fxs.
**(2) Accessory Digestive Organs** – assist digestion in various ways
52
a CONTINUOUS, coiled, hollow, muscular tube that winds through the ventral body cavity from the mouth to anus.
Alimentary Canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract/Gut
53
What organs does the Alimentary Canal/Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract/Gut include?
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small
Intestine, Large Intestine
54
Technically speaking, is the food material that enters the alimentary canal inside the body?
Technically speaking, the food material that enters the alimentary canal is** not “inside” the body,** because it only has contact with cells lining the tract and the canal is open to the external environment in both ends.
## Footnote
**Food that we eat from the outside, stays in the “outside”.**
55
protects the anterior opening of the mouth
lips (labia)
56
forms the lateral walls of the mouth
cheeks
57
forms the anterior roof of the mouth
Hard Palate
58
forms the posterior roof the mout
soft Palate
59
this is a fingerlike projection of the soft palate, which dangles from the posterior edge
## Footnote
What is its function?
UVULA
## Footnote
has no function
60
this occupies the floor of the mouth
Tongue
61
a fold of mucous membrane, secures the
tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movement
Lingual Frenulum
62
What happens to people with short lingual frenulum
People with short lingual frenulum are often referred to as **“tongue tied”**, which restricts the tongue and cause **speech distortion**
63
Breakdown of food begins in the __________, with the
help of ________________
Breakdown of food begins in the **mouth (Mastication),** with the help of **saliva and enzymes**
64
From the mouth, food passes into the _____ & _____
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
65
This part of the repsiratory system propels food into the esophagus through a mechanism known as ______
Pharynx (throat); peristalsis
66
Runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach. A passageway that conducts food (by peristalsis) to the stomach
Esophagus (gullet)
67
LAYERS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL ORGANS
(FROM ESOPHAGUS TO LARGE INTESTINE)
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis Externa
4. Serosa
68
innermost layer of the alimetary canal; lines the hollow lumen; mostly simple columnar epithelium
Mucosa
69
# layer of the alimentary canal
soft connective tissue; contain blood vessels, nerve ending, MALT, lymphatic vessels
Submucosa
70
# Layer of the alimentary canal
made up of longitudinal, circular, & oblique arrangements of smooth muscles
muscularis externa
71
outermost layer of the alimentary canal
Serosa
72
Regions of the stomach:
(1) Cardial/Cardia,
(2) Fundus,
(3) Body,
(4) Pyloric Antrum,
(5) Pylorus
73
where food enters the stomach from the esophagus
Cardioesophageal sphincter
74
How does coffee affect the cardioesophageal sphincter?
coffee inhibits the sphincters which results to acid reflux or heartburn
75
this connects the pylorus & the small intestine
Pyloric Sphincter (valve)
76
acts as a temporary “Storage tank” for food. a site for both physical & chemical food breakdown
Stomach
77
layer of the stomach allows for the churning, mixing, pummeling action of the breakdown of food
Muscularis externa
78
Chemical Breakdown of proteins begins in the stomach through?
digestive enzymes
79
What type of tissue and cell is the mucosa of stomach?
simple columnar with a lot of goblet cells
80
cells that protect the stomach from ACID
globlet cells
81
What does the mucus produce that protects the stomach from being damaged by acids or digestive enzymes
The mucus produce a protective layer of **bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus** that clings to the stomach mucosa and protects the stomach from being damaged by acids or digestive enzymes
82
cells thath produce inactive protein digesting enzyme - Pepsinogen
CHIEF CELLS
83
produce Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) which makes
stomach acidic and activates pepsinogen to PEPSIN
PARIETAL CELLS
84
What activates the pepsinogen to pepsin
HCl
85
produce local hormones, such as Gastrin,
that are important in regulating the digestive activities of the stomach.
Enteroendocrine Cells
86
MOST digestive activity occurs primarily in what region of the stomach?
Pyloric Region
87
After food has been processed in the stomach, it becomes _____
Chyme – thick heavy cream
88
How does the chyme enter the small intestine?
The chyme enters the small intestine **through the pyloric sphincte**r
89
hormone that stimulates the release oof gastric juice and stomach emptying. the stimulus for its secretion is food ins stomach, digested proteins; ACh released by nerve fibers
Gastrin
90
Hormone that stimulates gastic secretion and emptying. Its stimulus is food in stomach
Intestinal Gastrin
91
Hormone that activates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid
Histamine
92
Hormone that inhibits secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice. It inhibits emptying of stomach and gallbladder
Somatostatin
93
Hormone that increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions, increase bile output by liver, and inhibit gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion
Secretin
94
Hormone that increases output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile, relaxes sphincter of duodenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
95
Hormone that inhibits secretion of gastric juice and stimulates insulin release
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
96
Body’s major digestive organ
* LONGEST section of the alimentary tube (2 to 4 meters)
Small Intestine
97
this part joins the large intestine at the Ileocecal Valve
Ileum of the small intestine
98
What are the 2 substances delivered to the duodenum to aid in chemical breakdwon of food?
Bile (produced by Liver) and Pancreatic Enzymes
99
Nearly all nutrient absorption happens in the
small intestine
100
3 subsdivisions of the small intestine?
(1) Duodenum (“Twelve Finger Widths”)
(2) Jejunum (“Empty”)
(3) Ileum (“Twisted Intestine”)
101
STRUCTURES THAT INCREASEABSORPTIVE
SURFACE AREA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Villi, Microvilli, Circu;ar Folds (Plicae Circulares)
102
fingerlike projections; contain a rich capillary bed and lymphatic capillary (lacteals)
Nutrients are absorbed through these capillaries!!!
Villi
103
other term for your lympathic capillary
lacteals
104
iny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells; have brush border enzymes that complete the digestion of
proteins and carbohydrates in the small intestine
Microvilli
105
deep folds of both mucosa and submucosa layers. Form an internal “corkscrew slide” to increase surface area and force chyme to travel slowly through the small intestine so nutrients can be absorbed efficiently
Circular Folds (Plicae Circulares)
106
What happens to the Villi, Microvilli, and Circular Folds as they reach toward the end of the small intestine.
## Footnote
In contrast, what happens to the peyer's patches?
The Villi, Microvilli, and Circular Folds decrease in number toward the end of the small intestine.
## Footnote
In contrast, Peyer’s Patches (lymphatic tissue) increase in number towards the end of the small intestine in order to attack the remaining bacteria not absorbed by the body
107
Part of the digestive system that determines the water content of the feces
Large Intestine
108
Much larger in diameter than small intestine, but shorter in length and Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
Large intestine
109
Major function of the large intestine
Dry out the indigestible food by absorbing water and to eliminate the residues from body as feces
110
The large intestine has no volli, instead it has?
but instead have a lot of goblet cells that produce alkaline (bicarbonate-rich) mucus
111
this lubricates the passage of feces to the end of the digestive
tract
Mucus produced by goblet cells
112
first part of the large intestine
cecum
113
# part of the large intestine
hanging from the cecum; worm-like lymphatic tissue
Appendix
114
# part of the large intestine
contains the ascending & descending colon; In the pelvis it becomes the _______
Colon; sigmoid colon
115
# part of the large intestine
also lie in the pelvis
Rectum
116
# PArt of the large intestine
also lie in the pelvis, anus is where the anal canal ends.
* Composed of the external anal sphincter (voluntary) and internal anal sphincter (involuntary)
Anal canal
117
. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS
1. teeth
2. Salivary glands
3. Pancreas
4. Liver
5. Gallbladder
118
accessory organ in digestive system that mainly helps in mastication to physically breakdown food
Teeth
119
Produce saliva that help moisten & bind food into a bolus. it contains lysozyme and antibodies (IgA) that inhibit bacteria
* Also produce salivary amylase, which begins starch digestion
Salivary glands
120
the only gland that produces enzymes that
breakdown all categories of digestible food; these are secreted into the duodenum in an alkaline fluid that neutralize acidic chyme
Pancreas
121
What type of molecules are digetible food (able to be broken down in to simples form for absorption of the body)
Macromolecules
122
# Digestive system
Largest gland in the body
* In digestion, it is important in creating bile
liver
123
a yellow-to-green watery solution that contain bile salts and Phospholipids that help the digestion process
Bile
124
emulsify fats by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones
Bile salts
125
Small, thin-walled green sac that is in the inferior surface of the liver
* Storage area of bile (when it’s not being used)
Gallbladder
126
hardened bile
gallstone
127
an active voluntary process in the GI tract; food must be placed into the mouth before it can be acted on
Ingestion
128
# Activity of the GI tract
– to be processed, foods must be propelled from one organ to the next. Swallowing is one example of food movement that largely
depend on the propulsive process of peristalsis
Propulsion
129
involuntary and involves alternating waves of
contraction and relaxation of longitudinal muscle in the organ wall. The net effect is to squeeze the food along the tract.
Peristalsis
130
# Activity of the Digestive system
physically, fragments food into smaller particles, increasing surface area and preparing food for further degradation by enzymes.
Food Breakdown: Mechanical Breakdown
131
3 ways of mechanical breakdown of food
- chewing
- churning
- segmentation
132
# What mechanical breakdown?
food moves back and forth
– as it mixes with digestive juices.
Segmentation
133
# What mechanical breakdown?
this is more of a mechanical digestion than an act of propulsion.
Segmentation
134
the sequence of steps in which large food molecules are chemically broken down to their building blocks by enzyme through hydrolase
Food Breakdown: Digestion
135
– the transport of digestive end products from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph. For absorption to occur, the digested foods must first enter the mucosal cells by active or passive transport processes
Absorption
136
elimination of indigestible residues and gut
bacteria from the GI tract via the anus in the form of feces
Defecation
137
Brush border enzymes in the small intestine
- dextrinase
- glucoamylase
- lactase
- maltase
- sucrase
138
What do you call the eznyme responsible for the digestion of protein
Protease (a type of hydrolase)
139
What do you call the enzyme used in fat digestion
lipase (also active)
140
Where does the final products of fat digestion go?
1, Monoglycerides (to the lymph)
2. Glycerol (to the blood)
141
2 functions/role of the Gonads
-produce sex cell (gametes) and secrete hormones
142
Purpose of male & female reproductive system:
Produce an offspring
143
Reproductive role of man and woman
**- Reproductive role of the man**: produce male gametes (sperm) and deliver to the woman’s reproductive tract through intercourse.
**Reproductive role of a woman**: produce female gametes (ovum)
144
actual “sperm-forming” factories
## Footnote
Who nurses these sperm formed in this factory
Seminiferous tubules
## Footnote
**Sertoli cells**nurses the sperm formed in this factory
145
these cells produce androgens – testosterone
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
146
The sperm-producing and hormone-producing functions of the testes are carried out by
completely different cell populations (not by interstitial cells)
147
Highly convoluted tube that hugs the posterior side of the testis and the First part of the male duct system
EPIDIDYMIS
148
Provides a temporary storage site for the immature sperm and is also where the sperm matures
Epididymis
149
As sperm travels along the epididymis for ~____ days, they complete their _______ and begin to ______
As they travel along the epididymis for ~**20 days**, they complete their **maturation** and begin to **swim**
150
2 signs/characteristics that a sperm is mature
- able to swim
- developed flagella
151
This part contracts when a man ejaculates to expel the sperm into the next part
Epididymis
152
When does sperm move from the epididymis onward?
During ejaculation
153
Literally means “carrying away”
DUCTUS DEFERENS (VAS DEFERENS)
154
Main function of the ductus deferens?
propel live sperm from their storage sites into the urethra
155
At ejaculation, the smooth muscle walls create ________ that squeeze the sperm forward
peristaltic waves
156
cutting of the vas deferens; sperm are still produced but can no longer leave the body
Vasectomy
157
Can a man still produce testosterone and retain their sex drive and secondary sex characteristics after vasecetomy?
YES
158
this is the terminal part of the duct system which extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Urethra
159
3 regions of the urethra and their locations
**(1) Prostatic urethra** – surrounded by the prostate gland
**(2) Membranous urethra** – spanning the distance from the prostatic urethra to the penis
**(3) Spongy (penile) urethra** – running within the length of the penis and opening to the body exterior
160
Carries both urine and semen to the body exterior - serves the urinary and reproductive system
Urethra
161
these aid in the delivery of sperm to the body exterior or to the female reproductive tract
Accessory reproductive structures (ducts or glands)
162
What do Accessory reproductive structures (ducts or glands) produce?
produce the bulk of semen
163
a sperm-containing fluid
semen
164
Located at the base of the bladder; large hollow glands. Produce 60% of the seminal fluid – the fluid portion of semen
Seminal vesicles
165
Thick yellowish secretion is rich in?
sugar (fructose) , Vitamin C,
prostaglandins and others
166
It joins with the ductus deferens at the ejaculatory duct, so the sperm and seminal fluid enter the urethra together during
ejaculation
Seminal Vesicles
167
Where does the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens meet in order for the sperm and seminal fluid to enter the urethra together?
Ejaculatory duct
168
Single doughnut-shaped gland; encircles the prostatic urethra that has many nerves resulting to ejaculation when stimulated
Prostate
169
This fluid is milky and plays a role in activating sperm
Prostate fluid
170
Since prostate is located immediately anterior to the rectum, its size and texture can be palpated by ____________ through the anterior rectal wall
finger examination
171
Produce a thick, clear mucus that drains into the penile urethra
## Footnote
What is this mucus? What is its function?
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
## Footnote
The mucus is an **Alkaline (basic) fluid**
- needed since vagina is acidic and may kill the sperm
- It cleanses the urethra of trace acidic urine prior to ejaculation
- It also acts as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
- "pre-ejaculate"
172
This secretion is the first to pass down the urethra when a man becomes sexually aroused
Alkaline basic fluid mucus produced by the bulbourethral glands
173
A milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions. Liquid portion acts as a transport medium for nutrients and
chemicals that protect the sperm and aid movement
Semen
174
This molecule in seminal vesicle provides essentially all the sperm's energy fuel
Fructose
175
Describe sperm under acidic conditions
Sperms are very sluggish under acidic conditions (pH <6.0)
176
Semen has a relative alkalinity ________ that helps neutralize the acidic environment ________ of the female’s vagina; hence, protecting the delicate sperm
Semen has a relative alkalinity **(pH 7.2 to 7.6)** that helps neutralize the acidic environment **(pH 3.5 to 4.0)** of the female’s vagina; hence, protecting the delicate sperm
177
Semen also contains ____________, ________, ________ to enhance motility, and substances that inhibit an immune response in the female reproductive tract.
Semen also contains **antibiotic chemicals**, **hormones**, **enzymes** to enhance motility, and substances that inhibit an immune response in the female reproductive tract.
178
What happens when sperm is not diluted?
## Footnote
What dilutes the sperm?
**Semen** also dilutes sperm; without such dilution, **sperm motility is severely impaired**
179
Normal volume of semen per ejaculate
Each ml contains about ____ million sperm
## Footnote
What sperm count is considered infertile?
* Normal Volume of Semen per ejaculate: **2 to 5 mL (teaspoonful)**
* However, each milliliter contains about **50 to 150 million sperm**
* Sperm count of **< 20 million/mL is INFERTILE**
180
A divided sac of skin which provides a temperature of 3°C lower than body temperature
## Footnote
What is the effect of this lowered temp?
Scrotum (pouch)
## Footnote
This lowered temperature is necessary to **produce healthy sperm** since SPERM CAN'T SURVIVE IN NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE
181
When external temperature is very cold, scrotum becomes ____________
* Hence, changes in scrotal surface area can maintain a temp. that favors viable sperm production
heavily wrinkled as it pulls the testes closer to the warmth of the body
182
Functions to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
## Footnote
What do you call its body?
Penis
## Footnote
The body of the penis is known as the **Shaft**
183
The penis terminates in an enlarged tip known as the
glans penis
184
Internally, the spongy urethra has _______ that fills with blood during sexual excitement
erectile tissue
185
this state of the penis helps it serve as the male organ of copulation to deliver the semen into the female reproductive tract.
Erection
186
Female gametes
Ova
187
female body needs to _____ during pregnancy
nurture and protect a developing fetus
188
Other female reproductive organs serve as accessory structures to ________
transport, nurture, or serve the needs of the reproductive cells/ and or the developing fetus
189
PRimary reproductive organ
Ovaries
190
tiny saclike structures, make up the ovaries which consists of an immature egg – oocyte, surrounded by follicle cells
Ovarian follicles
191
this happens when the developing egg is ready to be ejected from the ovary
## Footnote
This generally occurs every how may days
ovulation
## Footnote
Ovulation generally occurs every **28 days**, but it can occur more or less frequent in some women due to hormonal imbalance
192
Form the initial part of the duct system. They receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site where fertilization can occur
UTERINE TUBES (FALLOPIAN TUBES)
193
Why does fertilization occur in uterine tubes but not int he uterus?
3-4 days mutravel and egg cell is onlly viable for 24 hrs
194
# T or F
There is little or no actual contact between the uterine tubes and ovaries
T
195
The distal ends of the uterine tube have fingerlike projections known as _____ that partially surround the ovary
Fimbriae
196
this create fluid currents that carry oocyte to the uterine tube
## Footnote
The oocyte is carried toward the uterus through a combination of what movement?
Fimbriae
## Footnote
**peristalsis and cilia movement**
197
Located in the pelvis between the urinary bladder and rectum. A hallow organ that functions to receive, retain and nourish a fertilized egg and aid childbirth
Uterus (Womb)
198
Major portion of the uterus is known as the _____ while _______ is the rounded region superior to the entrance of uterine tubes
Major portion of the uterus is known as the **BODY** while **FUNDUS** is the rounded region superior to the entrance of uterine tubes
199
the narrow outlet that protrudes inferiorly into the vagina
cervix
200
Layers of the wall of the uterus
(1) ENDOMETRIUM – the inner layer
(2) MYOMETRIUM – the middle layer
(3) Perimetrium (Visceral Peritoneum)
201
If fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg burrows into this layer of the wall of the uterus. This is where it resides for the rest of its development
## Footnote
What process is described?
Endometrium
## Footnote
Implantation
202
When a woman is not pregnant, this layer of the wall of uterus sloughs off periodically (about every 28 days) ?
Sloughing process is known as?
Endometrium
Menstruation/ Menses/ Period
203
Layer of the wall of the uterus composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle. It plays an active role during childbirth, when it contract rhythmically to force the baby out of the mother’s body
Myometrium
204
Lies between the bladder & rectum; extends from the cervix to exterior. Provides a passageway for the delivery of an infant and for the menstrual flow to leave the body
Vagina (Birth canal)
205
a thin fold of mucosa that partially closes the vagina, is very vascular and tends to bleed during the first sexual intercourse; durability varies
hymen
206
When is the hymen torn?
during sports activity, tampon insertion, or pelvic examination
Sometimes, it is so tough that it must be ruptured surgically if intercourse is to occur
207
Fatty, rounded area
overlying the pubic symphysis
Mons Pubis (Mountain on the pubis)
208
elongated hair-covered skin folds that encloses a hair-free fold - labia minora
Labia Majora
209
contains the external openings of the urethra
vestibule
210
a small protruding structure that corresponds to the male penis; composed of sensitive erectile tissue that becomes swollen with blood during sexual intercourse
Clitoris (hill)
211
pair of mucus-producing glands that lubricates the distal end of the vagina during intercourse
Greater Vestibular Glands
212
Genetic Defect, wherein there is the failure of the bones (forming the palate) to fuse medially
* Person has difficulty in breathing
* The person also has problems with oral cavity functions – such as speaking & breastfeeding
Cleft palate
213
Caused by cold viruses and various allergens
* Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
214
# In RHINITIS
Excessive production of _____ → _______ & ________
* Since it is continuous with the sinuses, it can also cause _______
Excessive production of **mucus** → **nasal congestion** & **postnasal drip**
* Since it is continuous with the sinuses, it can also cause **sinusitis**
215
this – causes marked changes in the voice quality in Rhinitis
Sinusitis
216
In Rhinitis, this results when the passageway connecting the sinuses to the nasal cavity is blocked
Sinus Headache
217
Common in children
* Inflammation of pharyngeal tonsils – in bacterial infection
Tonislitis
218
Tonsilitis obstructs this part which forces th eperson to breath thought he mouth
## Footnote
Describe air in mouth breathing
It obstructs the nasopharynx
## Footnote
In mouth breathing, air is NOT properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching the lungs
219
# What Imbalance?
Bile stored in gallbladder for too long, or too much water is removed
* ____________ in the bile starts to crystallize
**GALLSTONES**
*** CHOLESTEROL** in the bile starts to crystallize forming gallstones
220
Gallstrones Causes OBSTRUCTION & prevents bile from entering the ______ and thus Bile accumulates and goes to_____
GALLSTRONES Causes OBSTRUCTION & prevents bile from entering the **duodenum**
* Bile accumulates and goes to **liver**
221
In gallstone, bile accumulates and goes to liver and then eventually enters the bloodstream causing____________
jaundice
222
Blockage by gallstrones may cause (2)
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
223
Blockage of gallstone which results in inflammation of liver
✓ Commonly caused by viral infection, infected water or blood transfusion
Hepatitis
224
Blockage of gallstone which causes chronic inflammatory condition;
✓ Liver becomes hard and fibrous
✓Almost guaranteed when someone is a chronic alcoholic
Cirrhosis
225
A prostate problem in which it Increase in its size, affects nearly every older man
✓ It strangles the urethra of men
✓ Makes urination difficult
Hypertrophy of the prostate
226
Hypertrophy of the prostate enhances the risk of ______ and ________
cyctitis and kidney damage
227
Treatment options for hypertrophy of the prostate
Surgery, Drugs to shrink
prostate, Laser treatment
228
Inflammation of the prostate
✓ Single most common reason for a man to consult with a urologist
Prostatitis
229
the Most prevalent cancer in men; most cases are slow growing
Prostate cancer
230
Severe inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
231
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID) is caused by (2)
Gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted bacteria
232
Unless treated promptly, this can cause scarring and closure of the narrow uterine tubes
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
233
This is one of the major causes of female infertility
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
234
Cervical cancer is relatively common among women between the ages
30-50
235
Risk factors for Cervical cancer
o Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) – major cause; sexually transmitted
o Frequent cervical inflammation
o Multiple Pregnancies
o Many Sexual partners
236
single most important diagnostic test for detecting the cancer (cervical)
Yearly Pap smear
237
a three-dose vaccine that provides protection from the most common types of HPV-induced cervical cancer
gardasil
238
Gardasil is recommended for all ________ but can also be given to _________
recommended for all **11- and 12-year-old girls** but can also be **given to boys and girls ages 13 to 26**
