Drug Action Exam 1

Question 0

drug

Answer 0

any substance intended for human exposure capable of producing a change in a living system

Question 1

Modern Definition of Pharmacology

Answer 1

the study of the interactions between drugs and living systems

Question 2

Paracelsus

Answer 2

Grandfather of pharmacology
1540
concept- body is made up of chemicals, pathology is a result of chemical imbalance, use chemicals to treat

Question 3

Felix Fontana

Answer 3

1790

chemicals have an active principle and act on a specific site

Question 4

Friedrich Serturner

Answer 4

1806

isolates morphine- first active principle

Question 5

C. Bernard

Answer 5

1850-1855

found specific site using curarine in frogs

Question 6

Oswald Schmiedeberg

Answer 6

father of pharmacology
1870
magnitude and duration of a drugs action is dependent upon the dynamic equilibrium between the ability if the drug to reach its site of action and the ability of the body to remove it

Question 7

John Abel

Answer 7

started ASPET and JPET

Question 8

action

Answer 8

the result of combining of molecules of substance with molecules of living system

Question 9

effect

Answer 9

the consequences at higher levels of integration of a drugs action

Question 10

occupancy theory

Answer 10

Langley, Clark, and Gaddum

the magnitude of effect is directly proportional to the percent of total receptors occupied by that drug at that time

Question 11

Rate theory

Answer 11

Paton

not only the quantity of receptors occupied but the rate at which they are being occupied that determines effect

Question 12

Induced Fit theory

Answer 12

the amount of effect observed depends on the amount of conformational twisting of the receptor when it is occupied by the drug

Question 13

agonist

Answer 13

a substance that combines with a receptor and produces an effect that we have designated in advance

Question 14

antagonist

Answer 14

combines with a receptor and produces no effect itself, but blocks the effect of the agonist

Question 15

affinity

Answer 15

how well is it attracted to receptor; a measure of action

Question 16

intrinsic activity/efficacy

Answer 16

once bound how much effect is produced; a measure of effect

Question 17

homergic

Answer 17

2 substances that produce same effect

Question 18

heterergic

Answer 18

2 substances that produce different effects

Question 19

addition

Answer 19

homergic, same MOA, effect seen is that expected by adding together individual effect of drugs

Question 20

summation

Answer 20

same as addition but different or unknown MOA

Question 21

potentiation

Answer 21

homergic, different MOA, effect is greater than expected by adding individual effects

Question 22

synergism

Answer 22

one drug that does not produce an effect itself enhances the effect of a different drug, heterergic

Question 23

competitive antagonism

Answer 23

drug 2 blocks effect of drug 1 by competing for receptor; can be overcome by increasing concentration of drug 1

Question 24

non competitive antagonism

Answer 24

drug 2 permanently binds blocking drug 1 can only be overcome by getting more receptors

Question 25

pharmacologic antagonism

Answer 25

at molecular level; competitive and non-competitive antagonism

Question 26

physiologic antagonism

Answer 26

antagonism at level of effect

Question 27

G-alpha S

Answer 27

beta-1 & beta-2

Question 28

G-alpha I

Answer 28

muscarinic type 2 GABA type B alpha-2 opioid

Question 29

IP3 & DAG stimulators

Answer 29

alpha-1 muscarinic type 1 serotonin type 1

Question 30

thesh-hold dose reflects

Answer 30

relative affinity | graded data

Question 31

Emax reflects

Answer 31

relative efficacy | graded data

Question 32

distance from y-axis reflects

Answer 32

relative potency | graded and quantal data

Question 33

quantal data look at

Answer 33

potency slope variability confidence

Question 34

therapeutic index

Answer 34

TD50/ED50

Question 35

margin of safety

Answer 35

TD5 - ED95

Question 36

safety index

Answer 36

TD5/ED95

Question 37

litchfield-wilson

Answer 37

least squares method for best-fit line

Question 38

2 major variables for magnitude of effect

Answer 38

dose | time

Question 39

inherent factors

Answer 39

factors that are a function of living system

Question 40

toxicology

Answer 40

study of deleterious effects of chemicals and physical agents on living systems

Question 41

toxic or toxicity

Answer 41

the ability of an agent to cause injury; qualitative (yes or no)

Question 42

Gleason chart

Answer 42

measure of how toxic

Question 43

specific

Answer 43

molecular; refers to drug/receptor relationship

Question 44

selective

Answer 44

refers to subsequent effects; how many effect does it have

Question 45

acceptors/silent receptors

Answer 45

combining points in a living system that produce no effect

Question 46

hazard

Answer 46

the likelihood that a deleterious or injurious situation will occur in the context of the present situation; measured as low, medium, high

Question 47

risk

Answer 47

the expected frequency of occurrence of undesirable effects from exposure setting; fractional or %; expectations based on past data

Question 48

direct effects

Answer 48

are the direct result of drug action at a particular site

Question 49

Gleason #1

Answer 49

practically nontoxic

Question 50

practically non-toxic

Answer 50

above 15 g/kg | lethal dose: more than 1 quart

Question 51

gleason #2

Answer 51

slightly toxic

Question 52

slightly toxic

Answer 52

5-15 g/kg | lethal dose: 1 pint - 1 quart

Question 53

Gleason #3

Answer 53

moderately toxic

Question 54

moderately toxic

Answer 54

500 mg - 5 g/kg | lethal dose: 1 ounce - 1 pint (or 1 lb)

Question 55

Gleason #4

Answer 55

very toxic

Question 56

very toxic

Answer 56

50-500 mg/kg | lethal dose: 1 tsp - 1 ounce

Question 57

gleason #5

Answer 57

extremely toxic

Question 58

extremely toxic

Answer 58

5-50 mg/kg | lethal dose: 7 drops - 1 tsp

Question 59

Gleason #6

Answer 59

super toxic

Question 60

super toxic

Answer 60

less than 5 mg | lethal dose: a taste (<7 drops)

Question 61

indirect effects

Answer 61

allergic reactions idiosyncratic reactions mutagenicity/carcinogenicity reactions teratogenicity reactions

Question 62

teratogenicity reaction

Answer 62

birth defects

Question 63

acute exposure

Answer 63

a single discrete exposure or many exposures over a relatively short period of time

Question 64

subacute exposure

Answer 64

several discrete exposures over a somewhat intermediate period of time

Question 65

chronic exposure

Answer 65

continuous exposure over a longer period of time

Question 66

acute toxicity spectrum

Answer 66

symptoms of acute toxicity

Question 67

chronic (cumulative) toxicity spectrum

Answer 67

symptoms of chronic exposure due to accumulation of toxic substance or toxic injury

Question 68

toxic injury

Answer 68

repetitive injury to kidney or liver

Question 69

immediate/emergency treatment

Answer 69

stabilization/support | removal from exposure situation

Question 70

sustained treatment

Answer 70

continued support hastening elimination antidotes

Question 71

acidic diuresis

Answer 71

make urine more acidic to remove basic toxicant

Question 72

alkaline diuresis

Answer 72

make urine more basic to remove acidic toxicant

Question 73

neutral diuresis

Answer 73

osmotic

Question 74

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 74

filter blood using the peritoneal membrane as the dialyzing membrane

Question 75

hemodialysis

Answer 75

run blood through external membrane from artery to vein

Question 76

hemoperfusion

Answer 76

trickle blood over adsorbing substance