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Drug book Flashcards

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1
Q

Acepromazine

Mechanism of action

A

Inhibits central dopaminergic receptors for sedation and tranquilization. Antimuscarinic action and blocks norepinephrine at adrenergic receptors (alpha receptors) also causing vasodilation.

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2
Q

Acepromazine

Adverse Effects

A 
Common: sedation, ataxia
Rare: extrapyrimidal effects
Excessive vagal tone (brachycephalic breeds)
Hypotension
Horses: persistent penile prolapse
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3
Q

Apomorphine

Mechanism of action

A

Emetic; potent lipophilic agent that crosses the blood brain barrier to stimulate dopamine receptors in the vomiting center. Not absorbed orally due to first pass effect.

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4
Q

Apomorphine

Adverse Effects

A

Irritation to the ocular conjunctival membranes.
High doses 0.1mg/kg: sedation.
Higher dose 1mg/kg: excitement

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5
Q

Diphenhydramine

Mechanism of action

A

Antihistamine: blocks H1 receptor and suppresses inflammation caused by histamine.
Antiemetic: suppresses histamine in emetic, vestibular, and other centers that cause vomitting

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6
Q

Diphenhydramine

Adverse Effects

A

Common: sedation
Antimuscarinic effects such as dry mouth and dec GI secretions.
High dose: excitement

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7
Q

Famotidine

Mechanism of Action

A

Antiulcer agent; inhibit histamine on H2 receptors of parietal cells, inhibits gastric parietal cell thus dec gastric acid secretion thus increases stomach pH.

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8
Q

Famotidine

Adverse Effects

A

Seen with decreased renal clearance: Hemolysis when rapidly injected into cats.

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9
Q

Maropitant

Mechanism of Action

A

Antiemetic for central and peripheral sources: blocks neurokinin-1 receptor in the emetic center.

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10
Q

Maropitant

Adverse Effects

A

Slight pain and irritation at SQ injection site.

Excess salivation and muscle tremors.

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11
Q

Metoclopramide

Mechanism of action

A

Antiemetic: stimulates motility of upper GI, centrally acting antiemetic, stimulate 5-HT4 (serotonin) receptors or increase release of ACH in GI tract, anti-dopamine action in the chemoreceptor trigger zone inhibits gastric relaxation to enhance cholinergic responses of gastric smooth muscle to increase motility, increase tone of esophageal sphincter.

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12
Q

Metoclopramide

Adverse effects

A

Behavioral changes
Horses: behavioral changes, excitement, abdominal discomfort
Calves: neurologic effects >0.1mg/kg

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13
Q

Misoprostol

Mechanism of action

A

Synthetic analogue of PGE1 causing a cytoprotective effect on GI mucosa thus decreasing the damage to GI mucosa by NSAIDs.
Anti-inflammatory effects.

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14
Q

Misoprostol

Adverse effects

A

GI discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, abortion in pregnant animals

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15
Q

Omeprazole

Mechanism of action

A

Antiulcer: Increases stomach pH by inhibiting gastric acid secretion by inhibiting K+/H+ pump.

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16
Q

Omeprazole

Adverse effects

A

Diarrhea

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17
Q

Ondansetron

Mechanism of action

A

Antiemetic: inhibits serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT3),

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18
Q

Ondansetron

Adverse effects

A

None reported

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19
Q

Sucralfate

Mechanism of action

A

Antiulcer: Gastric mucosa protectant: forms sucrose octasulfate and aluminum hydroxide in the stomach which binds to the damaged mucosa, prevents back diffusion of H+, inactivates pepsin, and absorbs bile acid.

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20
Q

Sucralfate

Adverse effects

A

No adverse effects.

Human: constipation

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21
Q

Antiemetics

A 
Acepromazine
Metoclopramide
Maropitant
Ondansetron
Diphenhydramine
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22
Q

Antiulcer agent

A

Misoprostol
Omeprazole
Sucralfate
Famotidine

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23
Q

Emetic

A

Apomorphine

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24
Q

Cisapride

Mechanism of action

Study These Flashcards
A

Increase GI motility: Agonist for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT4) recetors on myenteric neurons, antagonist for 5-HT3 receptor, enhanses the release of acetylcholine at the myenteric plexus thereby increasing motility of the stomach, SI, and colon.

25
Cisapride | Adverse effects and Contraindications
Adverse effects: High OD (10mg/kg) abdominal pain, aggression, ataxia, fever, vomiting Higher OD- diarrhea, ataxia, CNS reactions Contraindication: GI obstructions
26
Cisapride | Drug interactions
Atropine: reduced effect | Inhibitors of metabolism or inhibitors of P-glycoprotein: toxicity
27
Cyproheptadine | MOA
Increase appetite: Alter serotonin activity in the appetite center to increase appetite.
28
Cyproheptadine AE CI
AE: Polyphagia, weight gain, hyperactivity CI: None
29
Diazepam | MOA
Increase appetite: Agonist binding of GABA sites in the CNS
30
Diazepam AE CI
AE: sedation, withdrawal syndrome, painful/irritating IM or SQ, phlebitis IV dogs- ataxia, increased appetite, excitement, agitation cats- idiopathic fatal hepatic necrosis CI: impaired liver function, long-term use in cats
31
Diphenoxylate | MOA
Opiate agonist that bindes to mu-opiate receptors in intestine to stimulate smooth muscle segmentation, decrease peristalsis, enhance fluid and electrolyte absorption
32
Diphenoxylate AE CI
AE: none, possible constipation CI: diarrhea via infectious causes, chronic treatment of diarrhea
33
Erythromycin | MOA
Increase GI motility: Stimulation of motilin receptors to increase smooth muscle activity in GI. Antibacterial: Binds to 50S ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis. Limited to gram + aerobic bacteria and mycoplasma.
34
Erythromycin AE CI
``` AE: Large animals- diarrhea Foals- hyperthermia Small animals-vomiting, diarrhea CI: orally to rodents or rabbits, IM adminstered IV ```
35
Lidocaine | MOA
Local anesthetic: blocks Na channel to inhibit nerve conduction Antiarrhythmic: lidocaine is metabolised to monoethylglycinexylidide Analgesic: systemic admin Decrease ileus: suppress painful stimuli, anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils
36
Lidocaine | AE
High dose- tremors, twitches, seizures, vomiting Cardiac arrhythmias especially on abnormal cardiac tissue Cats: death from IV, decreased CO, cardiovascular depression, decreased oxygen delivery, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis Horses IV and CRI caused muscle fasciculations, rapid eye blinking, anxiety, ataxia, weakness, seizures
37
Lidocaine | CI
Cats are more susceptible to AE, dose dependent | Decreased blood flow to liver can reduce clearance
38
Loperamide | MOA
Decrease diarrhea: acts on mu-opiate receptors of GI to decrease propulsive intestinal contractions, increase segmentation, increase tone of GI sphincters, decrease secretion into GI, stimulate absorption of fluid, electrolytes, and glucose. Inhibits calcium influx and decreases calmodulin activity.
39
Loperamide | AE
Sever constipation with repeated use, may cross blood brain barrier in dogs with multidrug resistance gene mutation (Collie, Australian shepherds, old english sheepdogs, longhaired whippets, shetland sheepdogs) to cause profound sedation.
40
Loperamide | CI
Small dogs and collie-type dogs | Concurrently with MDR1 membrane inhibitors (ketoconazole)
41
N-butylscopolammonium bromide | MOA
Antimuscarinic: blocks cholinergic receptors to produce parasympatholytic effects thus inhibits secretions and motility of GI.
42
N-butylscopolammonium bromide | AE
Increased heart rate, decreased secretions, dry mucous membranes, decreased GI motility, dilated pupils
43
N-butylscopolammonium bromide | CI
Use cautiously where decreased motility of GI will be a concern
44
Neostigmine | MOA
Inhibits cholinesterase enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine thus allowing acetylcholine to react longer at the receptor site.
45
Neostigmine | AE
Diarrhea, increased secretions in GI, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching or weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters
46
Neostigmine | CI
Urinary or intestinal obstructions, asthma or bronchoconstriction, pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, patients sensitive to bromide, don't use with other cholinergic drugs
47
Pyridostigmine bromide | MOA
Inhibits cholinesterase enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine thus allowing acetylcholine to react longer at the receptor site.
48
Pyridostigmine bromide | AE
Diarrhea, increased secretions in GI, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching or weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters
49
Pyriostigmine bromide | CI
Urinary or intestinal obstructions, asthma or bronchoconstriction, pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, patients sensitive to bromide, don't use with other cholinergic drugs
50
Ranitidine | MOA
Antiulcer: blocks H2 receptor suppressing histamine stimulation of gastric parietal cell to decrease gastric acid secretion Increased GI motility: anticholinesterase action
51
Ranitidine AE CI
AE: only seen with decreased renal clearance CI: None
52
Physostigmine | MOA
Inhibits cholinesterase enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine thus allowing acetylcholine to react longer at the receptor site.
53
Physostigmine | AE
Diarrhea, increased secretions in GI, miosis, bradycardia, muscle twitching or weakness, constriction of bronchi and ureters
54
Physostigmine | CI
Do not administer with choline esters (bethanechol)
55
Altrenogest | MOA
Synthetic progestin hormone that acts as a progesterone angonist to suppress estrus and allow for predictable estrous activity after discontinuation
56
Drugs to increase GI motility
``` Cisapride Erythromycine Lidocaine Neostigmine Pyridostigmine Ranitidine Physostigmine ```
57
Drugs to Increase appetite
Cyproheptadine | Diazepam
58
Drugs to decrease diarrhea
Diphenoxylate Loperamide N-butylscopolammonium bromide

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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