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Drug Classes Flashcards

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1
Q

Adrenergic Agonists

A

General effects: incr HR, electrical conduction
bronchodilator, optical dilation, peripheral vasoconstriction

Include:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol
Dobutamine
Albuterol

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2
Q

Adrenergic Antagonists

A

Betablockers
eg Metoprolol, Carvedilol

Block B1 receptors -> decr HR and contractility, decr RAAS and glycogenolysis

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3
Q

Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Agonists

A

Relaxation
UO incr and release
decr HR and BP
Incr GI movement and secretions

eg. Bethanechol (Urecholine)

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4
Q

Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Antagonists

A

Decr secretions and gut motility, UO/urge, peripheral blood flow, eye dilation

eg. Atropine

Tolteradine, Oxybutynin (for overactive bladder)

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5
Q

Diuretics

A

For HTN, hypervolemia, edema, HF

Effect: Decr Na, Cl, and H2O reabsorption, Decr BP
SdE: hypovolemia and hyperKalemia

NN: monitor weight, I/O, fall rx and voiding urgency! take in AM

e.g. Thiazides (HCTZ), Furosemide (Lasix), Spironolactone, Mannitol

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6
Q

Anti-hypertensives

A

Block SNS, RAAS, renal fluid retention, decr SVR e.g. ACEi (Lisinopril), ARB (Valsartan), CCB (Nifedipine), BBs (Hydralazine & Metoprolol)

Watch for fluid balance and arrhythmias

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7
Q

Anti-Platelets

A

For Acute thrombotic events, eg strokes, MI, PE

SdE: GI irritation, bleeding rx, tinnitus (ASA OD) NN: know drug life, appropriate doses for ASA (81-325 vs 650mg)

Block COX/other receptor activation in clotting cascade -> platelet plug won’t form

E.g. Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine

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8
Q

Anti-Coagulants

A

Inhibit or block clotting cascade or thrombin directly

For acute or chronic use,

SdE: bleeding rx NN: some are teratogens, know normals for aPTT (Hep) and PT/INR (Warf)

Heparin (acute) Enoxaparin Warfarin (chronic) Dabigatran Apixaban

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9
Q

Thrombolytics

A

Activate plasminogen to dissolve fibrin in clots For acute events and declotting CLs (once you’ve tried everything else)

SdE: bleeding rx

NN: recognize sx of internal bleeding! don’t do any unnecessary procedures that could cause them to start bleeding!

most effective for strokes <3-4.5 hrs after Alteplase (tPA)

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10
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

For HTN, esp AA pts, and Angina management SdE: flushing, HA, incr HR (Ca other effect), edema
E.g. Nifedipine, Amlodipine

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11
Q

Beta Blockers

A

For tachycardia, HTN, HF

SdE: bradycardia, hypoglycemia

Metoprolol

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12
Q

Angiotensin-conversion-enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)

A

For HTN, HF
SdE: hypovolemia, vasodilation, K RETENTION, decr cardiac remodeling, OH, cough
ASdE: angioedema (swollen tongue, lips - a/w rx!)

Lisinopril, Enalapril (Vasotec), Altace

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13
Q

Angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB)

A

For HTN, HF

SdE: same as ACEi’s

Valsartan

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14
Q

Amphetamines

A

CNS stimulants; Levo- and dextroamphetamine types
For ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity
SdE: irritability, tachycardia, sleep disturbance, drug dependence/tolerance
Eg Adderall (ADHD, combo drug), other “-drine” drugs
Note: be careful of concurrent use w/ antidepressants or mood stabilizing drugs

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15
Q

Anti-Allergy Drugs

A

Antihistamines- Loratidine (Claratin), Fexophenadine, Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) SdE: drowsiness
Decongestants- Flonase, Pseudephedrine
SdE: sympathomimetic (amp up)
Chronic use (>3 days) -> rebound congestion!

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16
Q

Alzheimer’s Drugs

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A

Incr ACh levels
Eg Aricept (Donepezil), Glantamine (Reminyl)
SdE: anorexia, n/v, dizziness, HA
-slows it, doesn’t cure it

17
Q

Antibiotics

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A

Aminoglycosides - eg Gentamicin

Cephalosporins - eg Cefazolin (Ancef)

Fluoroquinolones - eg Ciprofloxacin
Macrolides - eg Azithromycin
Penicillins - eg Amoxicillin
Sulfonamides - eg Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
Anti-infectives - eg Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Rx for hepato/nephrotoxicity, sensitivity rxn, interactions with other meds

18
Q

Anticonvulsants

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A

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Phenytoin (Dilantin) - SdE: gingival hyperplasia
Phenobarbital (Luminal)
Valproic Acid (Depakote)
Levtiracetam (Keppra)
Topiramate (Topamax)

SdE: n/v, HA, drowsy, RR decr, hypotension
Note: avoid abrupt withdrawals, incr dose slowly

19
Q

Antidepressants

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A

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) - Amitriptyline (Elavil), Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
SSRI - Citalopram (Celexa), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Sertraline (Zoloft)
MAOI - Phenelzine (Nardil) - avoid Tyramine foods (smoked, aged)
-don’t get along with SSRIs
Atypicals - Bupropion, Mirtazapine (Remeron)

SdE: AntiAch, HA, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, appetite incr
Note: no abrupt w/drawals
-SSRIs need minimum 2-6 weeks to avoid Serotonin syndrome

20
Q

Antidiarrheals

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A 
Diphenoxylate HCL (Lomotil)
Loperamide (Imodium)

SdE: tachycardia, RR drop, ileus, urinary retention, dry mouth

Watch for F/E imbalances; not suitable for C dif pts (cuz they need to eliminate the bug first)

21
Q

Antiemetics

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A

Ondansetron (Zofran)

SdE: HA, dizzy, constipation/diarrhea

Give 30-60min before chemo, avoid ETOH

22
Q

Anti-gout

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A

Reduce uric acid production and inflammation

Allopurinol (Zylo/Alloprim)
Colchicine (Colchrys, Mitigare)

SdE: n/v/d/c, cramps, GERD
Watch out for SJS w/ Allopurinol!
Teach pt to incr fluid intake to avoid renal calculi, etc!

Also used for Behçet’s disease (blood vessel inflammation)

23
Q

Anti-lipidemics

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A

Atorvastatin (Lipitor), and other statins Cholestyramine (Questran) Ezetimibe (Zetia)

SdE: n/v/c/d, cramps, abd distention, rx for T2DM

No grapefruit juice for HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors (statins), take in the evening
Watch out for SAMS (incl rhabdomylysis) & Hepatotoxicity*

*Need to have pre-tx liver enzyme labs done.

24
Q

Anti-neoplastics (CA)

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A

Carboplatin, Cisplatin (Alkylating, DNA acting) Fluororacil, Methotrexate (Antimetabolites)

SdE: renal, GI, skin issues, nephro- or ototoxicity, alopecia (or any fast growing cells)
**top concern is infection prevention!!

25
Anti-osteoporotic
``` Alendronic Acid (Fosamax) Usually taken with Vitamin D and Calcium ``` SdE: GI irritation (CI for esophageal disease) Note: take 30min before meal, stay upright
26
Parkinson Drugs
Restore dopamine and Ach balance Amantadine (Symmetrel), Bromocriptine (Parlodel), Carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) Benztropine (Cogentin) - anticholinergic SdE: hypotension, incr HR, n/v/c, fatigue, dry mouth Toxicity: muscle twitching!
27
AntiPsychotics
Haloperidol (Haldol), Prochlorperazine Clozapine (Clozaril), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Risperidone (Risperdal), Ziprasidone SdE: EPS (TD, Parkinsonism), sedation, hypotension, anti-ACh effects, sexual dysfunction QT prolongation for some of them! May take 2 weeks for effects, avoid caffeine, incr fluids to avoid anti-Ach EPS management: Clonazepam, Benztropine
28
AntiSpasmodics
Scopolamine Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Dicyclomine (Bentyl) For bladder spasms (overactive B),
29
Anxiolytics
Benzodiazepines - Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan) } short - Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Clonazepam, Diazepam } longer-acting Non-barbiturates -BuSpar, Benadryl, Zolpidem SdE: decr mental alertness, euphoria, hypotension, HA, dizzy Avoid ETOH and caffeine
30
Bronchodilators
Xanthines - Theophylline Anticholinergics - Ipratropium (Atrovent) Leukotriene antag - Montelukast (Singulair) Inhaled steroid - Budesonide (Pulmicort), Fluticasone (Flovent) SdE: incr HR, decr BP, HA, weakness, ur retention, dry mouth, dizzy, palpitations Inhalers: wait 1-5min between, use bronchodilator first Encourage fluids to avoid dry mouth
31
Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory effect; for allergies, asthma, COPD, RA, MS, IBD/UC, psoriasis, Addison's (adrenal insufficiency) Prednisone, Cortisone, Dexamethasone (Decadron) SdE: decr immune response, insomnia, acne, dizzy, weight gain, slow wound healing, nausea, bloating Be careful of live vax, NSAIDs, and antifungals Long-term use: can incr rx for cataracts
32
Erectile Dysfunction Drugs
Enhance nitric oxide in body, to relax penis, enable erection Sildenafil (Viagra), other -nafils (Stendra, Levitra) SdE: flushing, HA, abd discomfort, backache, nasal congestion, visual changes Don't take in combo with some cardiac meds (Nitroglycerin) or if hypotensive
33
H2 Receptor Blockers
Decr histamines -\> decr gastric secretions Famotidine (Pepcid), Ranitidine (Zantac) SdE: dizzy, HA, drowsy, confusion, nephrotoxic Watch out for Warfarin effect (may incr), give 1-2hrs before/after antacids
34
Laxatives
``` Psyllium (Metamucil) Docusate sodium (Colace) Bisacodyl (Ducolax), Sennakot } stimulant Milk of Mag, Sodium phosphate } saline osmotic ``` SdE: cramps, F/E imbalance CI for abd obstruction/pain & for n/v pt Saline Osmotics are most rapid acting! Fall-rx prevention/safety!
35
Muscle Relaxers
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) Dantrolene Tizanidine (Zanaflex)
36
NSAIDs
Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) SdE: **tinnitus** (Sx of toxicity!), hepatotoxicity, GI irritation/bleeding (melena) Look out for CI/interactions w/ other meds/procedures Avoid ETOH
37
Opioids
Codeine, Fentanyl, Hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxy/hydro-codone SdE: Decr RR, sedation, constipation, nausea, drowsy Can suppress cough reflex as well, not good for COPD/chronic respiratory pts Watch for RR depression, have Naloxone on standby! Tramadol most commonly Px for d/c, d/t lower rx for respiratory depression.
38
PPIs
Decr H+ ion entry into GI Omeprazole (Prilosec), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Pantoprazole (Protonix) SdE: dizzy, HA, drowsy, confusion, nephrotoxic Do NOT crush! Watch out for Warfarin effect (may incr), give 1-2hrs before/after antacids
39
Hypoglycemics
Sulfonylurea - Glimepiride, Glipizide Biguanides - Metformin (Glucophage) Meglitinides - Repaglinide (Prandin) For T2DM Rx for hypoglycemia (other extreme) NOT for T1!

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