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Drug Classes Flashcards

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1
Q

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)

Action, Function, AE

A

Action: Acts as an estrogen agonist at beta-estrogen receptors in bone. Acts as antagonist at alpha-estrogen receptors in breast and endometrial tissue
Function: Inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces rate of bone resorption
AE: Leg cramps, hot flashes and venous thromboembolism

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2
Q

Bisphosphonates

Action, Function

A

Action: Inhibs osteoclast activity and reduce bone resorption
Function: Increases BMD and overall bone strength

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3
Q

RANKL Inhibitors

Action, Function, AE

A

Action: Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, binds to RANK receptor on osteoclasts
Function: Promotes removal of calcium from bone

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4
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

Function

A

Function: Builds new bone through stim of osteoblasts

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5
Q 
Cholinergic Drugs
Drug class name & function
A 
Muscarinic Agonists
Stim para system
Stim smooth muscles and gland secretions
Decrease HR and force of contraction
Constriction of pupil
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6
Q

Two types of Cholinergic drugs

A

Direct-Acting: Bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Indirect-Acting: Increase acetylcholine levels and inhibs acetylcholinesterase

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7
Q 
Anticholinergic Drugs
Drug class name & function
A

Muscarinic Antagonists
Inhibs rest, digest and reproduce
Induce effects similar to sym nervous system activation
ex. Increase HR, bronchodilation, decreased GI motility, pupil dilation, decreased secretions

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8
Q

3 types of Adrenergic agonists

A 
Alpha 1 (Blood vessels): Constrict smooth muscle and dilate pupils (Blood vessels and uterus) (Decreased func of Skin, sphincters, GI, kidney and brain)
Beta 1 (Heart): Increase HR and force of contraction, increase release of renin
Beta 2 (Lungs): Inhibs/relaxes smooth muscle (Bronchioles and uterus)
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9
Q

Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists

Action & Function

A

Action: Relax vascular smooth muscle
Function: Decreased blood pressure

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10
Q

Beta-adrenergic antagonists

Action & Function

A

Action: Decrease rate and force of contraction of heart and reduce production of renin & constricts smooth muscles
Function: Decreased HR and bronchoconstriction/uterine constriction

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11
Q

How do opioids work in terms of Analgesia?

Presynaptically and Post

A

Pre: Bind to receptors in substantia gelatinosa, inhibs release of pain signalling NT into spinal cord
Post: Binds to receptors in brain when decreases neuronal excitability (Rx to pain)

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12
Q

NSAIDS

Action & Function

A

Action: Inhibs activity of COX and inflammatory response to tissue injury
Function: Mild to moderate pain, inflammation and antipyretics

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13
Q

Endogenous Opioids

Action & function (Post and presynapitcs)

A

Action: Post-opens K channels causing membrane hyperpolarization (Inhibs neuronal activity)
Pre: Closes Ca channels inhbs release of excitatory NT (Ach, Sub P and glutamate)
Function: Modulates transmission of pain

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14
Q

Bradykinin

Function & Storage

A

Storage: Inactive form in plasma and stored and released by mast cells
Function: Vasodilator that causes pain; similar effects to hist

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15
Q

Complement

Function

A

Neutralize or destroy an antigen

Stim hist release by mast cells, initiates immune response

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16
Q

Histamine

Function & Storage

A

Stored and released by mast cells

Causes dilation of blood vessels, smooth muscle constriction (Think bronchioles), tissue swelling and itching

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17
Q

Leukotrienes

Function & Storage

A

Stored and released by mast cells

Similar effects of hist, contribute to asthma and allergies

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18
Q

Prostaglandins

Function & Storage

A

Present in most tissues and stored and released by mast cells
Increases cap perm, attract W.B.C to site of inflammation and causes pain

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19
Q

Cytokines

Function & Production

A

Produced by macrophages, leukocytes and dendritic cells

Function: Mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory rxns

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20
Q

COX 1

Location & Function

A

Present in all tissues

Converts AA to prost, prost used to protect gastric mucosa, kidney and promotes platelet aggregation

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21
Q

COX 2

Location & Function

A

Only present in areas of tissue injury

Produces prost which are associated with pain, inflammation and fever

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22
Q

Glucocorticoid Therapy

Function and AE

A

Inhibs release of hist, blocks activity of phospholipase A2 and COX 2 enzyymes, inhbs immune response (Suppress phagocytic/lymphocytic activity, interleukin 2 & 3, platelet activating factor
AE: Adrenal insufficiency, hyperglycemia, mood changes, osteoporosis, immunosuppression

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23
Q

Antihistamines

Action & Function

A

Action: Block action of histamine at the H1 receptor
Function: Treatment of allergic rhinitis, sedative effect and motion sickness

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24
Q

Antidepressants drugs

Action & Function

A

Action: Block enzymatic breakdown of nore, slow reuptake of sero and nore
Function: Treat depression by enhancing mood

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25
SSRI | Action, Function & AE
Action: Inhibs sero reuptake into presynaptic neuron (Postsyn receptors become more sensitive, presyn receptors become less sensitive) Function: Antidepression AE: Sexual dysfunction, nausea, headache, weight gain, akathisias, anxiety, increased ideations of suicide in peds
26
SNRIs | Action
Action: Inhibs reuptake of sero and nore
27
NDRIs | Action, Contraindication?, New Function
Action: Inhibs reuptake of dopamine and nore Contraindicated in those with seizure disorders Function: Causes smoking cessation (Bupropion)
28
Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs | Action, Function & AE
Action: Inhibs nore, sero and dopamine reuptake. Affinity for hist, muscarinic and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors AE: Sedation,
29
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drugs | Action, Function & AE
Action: inhibs MAO enzymes to increase monoamine levels (Dope, Nore, Sero, Epine) Function: Antidepressant AE: Orthostatic Hypotension, headache, insomnia and diarrhea, Hypertensive crisis due to SES and elevated levels of tyramine (Tyr becomes Nore. causes vasoconstriction)
30
Lithium | Action, Function & AE
Action: inhibs synthesis of PIP (decreases generation of IP3 and DAG) Function: Mood stabilizer, and treatment of mania AE: Narrow therapeutic index, muscle weakness, lack of coordination, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, twitch, polyuria
31
Benzodiazepine | Action, Function & AE
Action: Binds to GABA receptors to increase entry of chloride ions into neuron (Increased chloride ions = hyperpolarized = less sensitive = Nore has less effect) Function: Short-Acting Good for insomina but bad for anxiety. Long-Acting good for anxiety but bad for insomnia AE: Over sedation, dizziness, confusion (Due to impaired drug meta and elim) Abrupt discontinuation leads to rebound insomnia
32
Typical Antipsychotic Drugs | Action, Function & AE
Action: Blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal tract Function: Treatment of ONLY positive symptoms of schiz AE: Motor/extrapyramidal effects
33
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | Action, Function & AE
Action: Blocks D2 like receptors, serotoninergic 5HT2a and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors AND stim of 5HT1a receptors Function: Treatment of negative, positive and some cognitive symptoms of schiz AE: Obesity and few EPS
34
Dopamine System Stabilizer | Action, Function & AE
Action: Partial agonist at Dopamine D2, D3 & Serotonin 5HT1a receptors. Antagonist at serotonin 5HT2a receptors Function: Improve both positive and negative symptoms and improves cog AE: Changes in BP, agitation, anxiety
35
Levodopa and Carbidopa | Action & Explanation to why given together
Levo: Converted to dopamine by dopamine decarboxylase Carb: Prevents conversion of levo to dopamine in periphery through inhibs of dopamine decarboxylase Levo would get converted in peri producing adverse effects, Carb stops this in peri but not CNS (cant travel through BB barrier)
36
Anticholinergic Drugs on Parkinson | Action & Function
Action: Binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in CNS to stop unopposed excitatory effects of Ach Funcion: Treats early parkinson's and reverse EPS caused by antipsychotics
37
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors | Action & Function
Action: Inhibs metabolism of Ach causing increased levels in hippocampus Function: To slow progression of symptoms of Alzs
38
Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics | 3 ways of treating BP
1) Increases loss of water 2) Block Na/Cl transporter, facilitates urinary excretion of electrolytes and water 3) Increase in urinary excretion and electrolytes * Works on kidneys and meta by liver so watch for those
39
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors | Action, Function & AE
Action: Blocks conversion of angio I to Angio II, inhibs aldosterone secretion, increase prod of vasodilatory kinins Function: Decreases TPR and BV AE: Dry cough, first dose phenomenon (Sudden drop in BP and tachycardia), Angioedema
40
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers | Action, Function & AE
Action: Blocks angio II receptors in arteriolar SM and adrenal cortex, inhibs release of aldosterone, no effect on bradykinin (No dry cough) Function: Decrease TPR and BV, given for patients who hate dry cough AE: SImilar AE to ACE Inhibs
41
Calcium Channel Blockers | Action, Function, AE
Action: Block Ca Ion channels, Non-selective (Heart and arterioles) Selective (Arterioles only) Function: Relax vascular smooth muscle, decrease TPR, prevents chronic stable angina AE: Hypotension and reflex tachycardia
42
Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Antagonist (Reducing HR) Action and Function
Action: Blocks adrenergic effect on arterioles, blocks action of Nore and Epine on cardiac muscle, decrease renin secretion Function: Reduces HR
43
Statins | Action, Function & AE
Action: Inhibs activity of HMG-CoA reductase, blocking cholesterol synth (Causes liver to increase # of LDL receptors) Function: Huge drop in LDL, VLDL and increased HDL levels AE: Avoid in pregnant women (Cholesterol needed for fetus hormones), rhabdomyolysis
44
Selective Cholesterol Absorption Inhibit | Action, Function, & AE
Action: Inhibs intestinal cholesterol absorption Function: Reduces LDL and cholesterol absorption AE: GI distress due to drug working solely in gut
45
Bile Acid Sequestrants | Action, Function & AE
Action: Binds to and prevent absorption of bile acids, inhibs enterohepatic circulation and increase excretion of cholesterol Function: Reduces cholesterol levels and induces formation of LDL receptors AE: Interferes with absorption of other drugs through binding
46
PCSK9 Inhibitors | Action, Function & AE
Action: Inhibs PCSK9 proteins that target liver LDL receptors for degradation Function: Increases levels of LDL receptors whilst reducing levels of LDL
47
Nitrates | Action, Function & AE
Action: Facilitate formation of nitric acid which is a potent vasodilator Function: Terminating an angina attack AE: Hypotension, reflex tachycardia, dizziness, weakness
48
Beta Adrenergic Antagonist | Action, Function & AE
Action: Reduces cardiac workload, HR, contractility Function: Prevention of chronic stable angina AE: Exacerbation of lung diseases, depression, masking of diabetic depression
49
Heparin | Action, Function & AE
Action: Inhibs activity of thrombin and clotting factor Xa Function: Prevent thromboembolism, IM and stroke AE: Monitor for bleeding
50
Warfarin | Action, Function & AE
Action: Blocks synt of clotting factors thrombin, VIIa, IXa, & Xa (Decreases vit K amts) Function: Anticoagulation AE: Vit-K rich foods can reduce effectiveness
51
Low Molecular Weight Heparins | Action
Action: Same MoA of heaprin but leaves thrombin alone and only attacks factor Xa
52
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors | Action & Function
Action: Directly binds to and inhibs thrombin Function: Reduce risk of stroke and systemic embolism
53
Irreversible COX Inhibitors | Action
Action: Irreversibly blocks activity of COX 1 (Think prostaglandin and platelets) & 2 enzymes
54
ADP Receptor Antagonists | Action
Action: Irreversibly change molecular conformation of ADP receptors present on platelets (Stops platelet from receiving signal to aggregate)
55
Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA Inhibitors | Acction
Action: Inhibs enzymes involved in platelet aggregation
56
Tissue Plasminogen Activator | Action & Function
Action: Converts plasminogen to plasmin Function: Antiplatelet
57
Glucocorticoid Drugs Controllers for Asthma Action
Gluco drugs bind to its receptor and moves into cell and acts directly on DNA Downregs gene resp for prod inflamm cytokines Increases prod of phospholipase inhibiting proteins
58
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists | Action
Action: Bind to leukotriene receptors to induce bronchodilatory and immunomodulatory effects
59
Mast Cell Stabilizers | Action & Function
Action: Prevents mast cells from releasing calcium in response to IgE receptors Function: Time-limited/predicted asthma attacks
60
Anticholinergic in Antiemetic | Action
Action: Blocks binding at muscarinic receptors in NTS and CTZ Function: Reduce feelings of nausea and vomiting
61
Antihistamines in antiemesis | Action
Block binding and activity of hist adrenergic receptors in NTS and CTZ
62
Cannbinoids | Action and Function
Action: Work specifically on CB1 receptor located in cortex and VC Function: Makes people hungry
63
Neurokinin Receptor Antagonist | Action
Action: Blocks binding of substance P at NK1 receptors
64
Antacids
Action: Alkaline substance that neutralizes gastric acids
65
Antimicrobials
Antibiotics to treat H. pylori
66
Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist (H2RAs)
Action: Inhibs both basal secretion of gastric acid and secretion of gastric acid stim by hist, Ach and gastrin Function: Decreases the amount, acidity and pepsin content of gastric juices
67
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Action: Bind irreversibly to H ion, K ion and ATPase proton pump Function: Prevent release of gastric acids from parietal cells into stomach lumen
68
Misoprostol
Synth form of Prostaglandin E2 Prost E2: Inhibs gastric acid secretion, increases mucous and bicarb secretion and enhances mucosal blood flow and repair
69
Sucralfate
Binds to ulcerated tissue and acts as protective barrier between pepsin and gastric acid

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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