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Drugs and Pharmacology > Drug List > Flashcards

Drug List Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What class of drug is Alendronate?

A

Bisphosphonate

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2
Q

What is Alendronate used to treat and how does it work?

A

Osteoperosis, decreases osteoclast activity and bone turnover

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3
Q

What is Atenolol used to treat and how does it work?

A

IHD, Heart Failure, Arrhythmia, Hypertension
Beta 1 selective - adrenergic antagonist, blocks noradreneline binding to beta receptor inhibiting symapthetic stimulation

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4
Q

What are the side effects of Atenolol?

A

Bronchospasm, bradycardia, cold peripheries, rash, dry eyes

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5
Q

What class of drug is Allopurinol?

A

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor

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6
Q

What is Allopurinol used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in Gout.

Works by preventing metabolism of xanthine to uric acid, this will lower plasma uric acid

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7
Q

What is the main side effect of Allopurinol?

A

Skin Rash

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8
Q

What is Atracurium used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used for Neuromuscular blockade

Works by competitively binding with cholinergic receptor sites to antagonise acetylcholine action.

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9
Q

What is Aminosalicylate used to treat?

A

Used in IBD (Chron’s and UC)

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase irreversibly by removal of acetyl-group which binds to COX-1 and inhibits thromboxane formation and hence platelet aggregation

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11
Q

What class of drug is Bendroflumethiazide?

A

Thiazide diuretic

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12
Q

What is Bendroflumethiazide used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in hypertension, oedema and heart failure

Works by inhibiting Cl reabsorption in DCT, which results in increase Na, Cl and water excretion

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13
Q

What is a side effect of Bendroflumethiazide?

A

Raised uric acid –> gout

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14
Q

What class of drug is Cefuroxime?

A

Cephalosporin antibiotic (2nd generation) - Beta Lactam

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15
Q

What is Cefuroxime used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in Gram negative and positive, Gonorrhoea, Haemophilus

Works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis

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16
Q

What class of drug is Celecoxib?

A

NSAID

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17
Q

What is Celecoxib used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid and AS

Works by inhibiting COX-2 (selective) inhibits arachidonic acid to prostaglandin

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18
Q

What class of drug is cholamphenicol?

A

Antibiotic

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19
Q

What is Cholamphenicol used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used in conjunctivitis, meningitis, cholera

Bacteriostatic - inhibits protein synthesis

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20
Q

What type of drug is cyclosporin and what is it used for?

A

Immunosuppressant

Used in Rheumatod arthritis, psoriasis, Chrons

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21
Q

What class of drug is ciprofloxacin?

A

Fluoroquinolone antibiotic

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22
Q

What is Ciprofloxacin used to treat and how does it work?

A

Used for gram positives e.g. staph, strep

Inhibits DNA gyrase which prevents nucleic acid synthesis and replication

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23
Q

Which two drugs make up Co-amoxiclav (augmentin)?

A

Clavaulonic acid and amoxicillin

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24
Q

What is Co-amoxiclav used to treat and how does it work?

A

H.influenzea, N.gonorrhoea

Beta-lactamase inhibitor and inhibits penecillin binding proteins which inhibit cell wall synthesis

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25
How does diamorphine work?
Inhibit release of pain transmitters in brain and spinal cord to produce analgesic affect
26
What are the side effects of diamorphine?
Addiction and dependence | Respiratory depression
27
How do you treat opioid induced respiratory depression?
Naloxone
28
When are somatostatin analogues used?
Acromegaly to increase inhibition of growth hormone
29
What is dalteparin used to treat and how does it work?
Used in PE, unstable angina, DVT prophylaxis | Inhibits formation of factor Xa and thus thrombin formation
30
What class of drug is dobutamine?
B-adrenergic receptor
31
What is Tamoxifen used to treat and how does it work?
Treatment in breast cancer, binds to oestrogen receptors which prevents oestrogen binding to receptors on cancer cells
32
What class of drug is Doxazosin?
Alpha-1 adrenoceptor
33
What is Doxazosin used to treat and how does it work?
Hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia | Blocks alpha 1- receptors on vascular smooth muscle which causes vasodilatation
34
What class of drug is ephedrine?
A and B adrenergic agonist
35
Which drug is used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus?
Desmopression - vasopressin analogue - releases vasopressin
36
What is ethinylestradiol used to treat?
(oestrogren) used in menstrual disorders, osteoporosis and prostate cancer
37
What class of drug is furosemide?
Loop diuretic
38
What is furosemide used to treat and how does it work?
Used in hypertension, oedema related HF | Blocks Na-K-Cl cotransporter in loop of hence which inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron
39
What are the side effects of furosemide?
Hypokalaemia, increased urination, dehydration
40
What is GTN spray used to treat and how does it work?
Used in angina and IHD | Dilate systemic veins to reduce venous return to the heart --> reduction of pre-load on the heart
41
What is a side effect of GTN?
Headaches, syncope, diziness
42
What class of drug is ipatropium?
muscarinic antagonist - long-acting bronchodilator
43
What is Ipatropium used to treat and how does it work?
Used in COPD and Asthma | Blocks acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors (M3) which reduces bronchoconstriction
44
What are the side effects of ipatropium?
Dry mouth, tachycardia, worsening of vision may cause glaucoma
45
How do aminosalicylates eg mesalazine work in UC?
Release 5 ASA which has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
46
What is loperamide used to treat and how does it work?
Used in IBD and IBS | Slows down intestinal motility - anti-motility agent
47
What is metformin used to treat and how does it work?
Used in type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome | Works by decreasing hepatic glucose absorption and improves insulin sensitivity
48
What class of drug is methotrexate?
DMARD
49
What is methotrexate used to treat and how does it work?
Used rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis and chrons | works by inhibiting the enzyme which converts folic acid to FH4 which is required for DNA and protein synthesis
50
What class of drug is pilocarpine?
Muscarinic agonist
51
What is pilocarpine used for and suggest a side effect?
Stimulates salivation for patients having chemotherapy | Side effect = slows the heart
52
Where are M1 , M2 and M3 receptors found?
M1- Brain M2- Heart M3- Vascular smooth muscle
53
What class of drug is oxybutin?
Anti-muscarinic
54
What is Oxybutin used to treat and how does it work?
Used in urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence | Works by blocking ACh at muscarinic receptors and decreases muscle spasms of bladder
55
When is Ursodeoxycholic acid used?
Primary biliary cirrhosis ro reduce cholesterol absorption and dissolve cholesterol gallstones
56
When would you take colchicine?
Acute gout
57
What is ramipril used to treat and how does it work?
Used in hypertension, heart failure, stroke Inhibit activity of ACE --> less angiotensin 2 produced --> relaxation of arterial smooth muscle. Less bradykinin breakdown
58
What are the side effects of ramipril?
Angiotensin formation --> hypotension, renal failure | bradykinin formation--> dry cough
59
What is the treatment for a paracetamol overdose?
N-acetyl cysteine
60
Name 5 signs of paracetamol overdose (MARCH)?
``` Metabolic acidosis Acute hepatitis (ALT >1000) Renal failure (Cr >300) Coagulopathy (INR>6.5) Hyperglycaemia ```
61
What is Rifampacin used to treat and how does it work?
TB | Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase thus nucleic acid synthesis
62
What is a side effect of Rifampicin?
Red urine and hepatitis
63
What is a side effect of isoniazid?
Neuropathy, hepatitis
64
What is a side effect of pyramizaidine?
Hepatitis, gout and rash
65
What is a side effect of ethambutol?
Optic neuritis
66
What class of drug is rivaroxiban and what is it used for?
Factor Xa - DOAC | Used as an anti-coagulant in PE, DVT
67
When would you use cholestyramine?
Reduce plasma cholesterol levels, pruritus in PBC
68
What is salmeterol used to treat and how does it work?
Beta 2 stimulation which causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
69
What is the mechanism of clopidorgel?
Stops ADP binding to P2y12 which activates Gp IIb/IIIa receptors (required for fibrinogen mediated cross-linking) so prevents platelet aggregation
70
What class of drug is Sildefanil?
Phosphodiesterase (type V(5)) Inhibitor
71
What is Sildefanil used to treat and how does it work?
Used in erectile dysfunction | Inhibit PDE5 --> vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation
72
Which drug is used in acromegaly when pituitary tumour cannot be controlled with surgery?
Pegvisomant - growth hormone receptor antagonist
73
What class of drug is tamulosin?
Alpha blocker
74
What is tamulosin used for and how does it work?
Used in BPH | Selective alpha 1 antagonist - relaxation of smooth muscle --> less resistance to urinary flow
75
Suggest a side effect of tamulosin?
Allergy, hypotension, retrograde ejaculation
76
What is a severe complication of tramadol use?
Respiratory depression
77
What is the mechanism of tramadol?
Serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors. Enhance serotonin release
78
What class of drug is Valsartan?
ARB - angiotensin II receptor blocker
79
Name 3 side effects of valsartan?
Sympotmatic hypotension, angioedema, rash
80
What class of drug is verapamil?
Calcium channel blocker - phenylalkylamine
81
What is verapamil used to treat and how does it work?
Angina, hypertension, tachycardia | Works by blocking L-type calcium channels and preventing calcium from binding
82
Name 2 side effects of Verapamil?
Constipation, bradycardia, worsening of cardiac failure
83
Name 4 side effects of amiodarone?
Interstitial pneumonitis Hyper/hypothyroidism Sun sensitivity and slate grey discolouration of skin Corneal micro-deposits and optic neuropathy (Interaction with warfarin)
84
What is the mechanism of sacubitril?
Neprilysin inhibitor - BNP is broken down by neprolysin. If BNP not broken down --> increased renal excretion of sodium and water, increased vascular permiability, inhibit aldosterone
85
What is the mechanism of NOAC/DOAC?
Directly acts of factors 2 and 10
86
What class of drug is spironalactone?
Aldosterone antagonist
87
Name a drug which is a direct renin inhibitor?
Aliksren
88
What class of drug is amlodipine?
Dihydropyridines - calcium channel blocker
89
What are the side effects of dihydropyridines (nifedipine, amlodipine)?
Flushing, headache, oedema and paliptations
90
How does amlodipine work and what is it used to treat?
Used in hypertension | Is a peripheral arterial vasodilator - reduce after load on the heart
91
What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors?
Reduce gastric acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting H+/K+ ATPAse in gastric parietal cells - suppresses gastric acid
92
How does H2 receptor antagonists eg Ranitidine work?
proton pump regulated by histamine which binds to H2 receptors on parietal cells to stimulate acid secretion - so blocks H2 receptor
93
When are antacids eg gaviscon used?
Symptomatic relief of heartburn and short term relief of dyspepsia
94
Which drug can be used in severe acne?
Isotrenion which is a retinoid
95
What is used in Type 2 diabetes to control blood glucose when metformin contraindicated?
Gliclazide
96
Which drug is used to treat primary hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine - increases T4
97
Which drug is used as long term treatment in hyperthyroidism?
Carbimazole
98
How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors eg fluoxetine work?
Inhibit neuronal re-uptake of serotonin so increase bioavailiabity for transmission

Drugs and Pharmacology (2 decks)

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