Drug Responses/Lifespan considerations

Question 0

Drugs interact through three basic mechanisms

Answer 0

1. direct chemical or physical interaction
2. pharmacokinetic interaction
3. combined toxicity

Question 1

Consequences of drug-drug interactions (3 outcomes)

Answer 1

1. Intensify effects (potentiative)
2. Reduction of effects (inhibitory)
3. Creation of a unique response

Question 2

Direct physical or chemical interactions…

Answer 2

Usually render both drugs inactive

Question 3

pharmacokinetic interations

Answer 3

may alter absorption, distribution, metabolism (most important), or excretion

Question 4

Inducing agents

Answer 4

Drugs that stimulate the synthesis of CYP enzymes (aka P450)

Question 5

Impact of food-drug interactions

Answer 5

decreased/increased absorption

Food frequently decreases the rate of absorption, aka lengthening onset

When food increases absorption, peak effects are heightened

Question 6

Grapefruit juice

Answer 6

raises drug levels by inhibiting metabolism, increases amount available for absorption, intensifies peak effects

Question 7

Adverse Drug reaction

Answer 7

any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

Question 8

Side Effect

Answer 8

a nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

Question 9

Toxicity

Answer 9

an adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing

Question 10

Allergic reaction

Answer 10

immune response

Question 11

Idiosyncratic effect

Answer 11

an uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

Question 12

Iatrogenic Disease

Answer 12

disease produced by drugs

Question 13

Carcinogenic Effect

Answer 13

refers to the ability of certain medications and environmental chemicals to cause cancers

Question 14

Teratogenic Effect

Answer 14

drug induced birth defect

Question 15

Hepatotoxic drugs

Answer 15

drugs leading that are the leading cause of acute liver failure

Question 16

QT interval drugs

Answer 16

refers to the ability of some medications to prolong the QT interval on an electrocardiogram, thereby creating a risk for dysrhythmias

Question 17

Black box warning

Answer 17

warns physicians about side effects and lists ways to prevent/reduce harm

Question 18

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Answer 18

type of tolerance associated with long-term administration of drugs such as morphine and heroin

Requires increased drug levels for effects

Question 19

Metabolic tolerance

Answer 19

Tolerance resulting from accelerated metabolism

Question 20

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 20

Reduction of drug response happening in a very short time

Question 21

Changes in Pregnancy

Answer 21

Renal blood flow is doubled
Hepatic metabolism increases
Tone and motility of the bowls decrease (intestinal transmit time to increase)
Any drug taken during pregnancy will affect the fetus

Question 22

Gross Malformations in pregnancy occur in what trimester?

Answer 22

First

Question 23

Teratogen exposure during these two periods primarily affect function not anatomy

Answer 23

2 and 3