drug therapy for diabetes mellitus Flashcards
(124 cards)
what is glucose
sugar in the blood, body primary energy source, brain almost exclusively. uses glucose for energy
what two major hormones stabilize glucose levels
glucagon and insulin
alpha cells secrete
glucagon, increase blood glucose levels
glucagon stimulates
the liver to convert some stored glycogen to glucose to use by the body
beta cells secrete
insulin, decrease blood glucose levels
glucagon is secreted with
low blood glucose; helps to maintain glucose between meals, works with insulin to maintain levels
glucose levels; between meals
decreased blood glucose -> into pancreas -> decreased insulin & increased glucagon secretion -> into liver -> release of stored glucose, breakdown of fat
glucose levels; after a meal
increased blood glucose -> into pancreas -> increased insulin secretion & decreased glucagon secretion -> into liver -> cellular uptake of glucose
insulin after a meal
pancreas recognizes rising glucose, secretes insulin to lower blood glucose; without insulin, glucose unable to enter cells
how does insulin act as transport to allow cells access to glucose
glucose can enter cells, cells store glucose as glycogen, converts lipids to fat, increase protein synthesis and stop glycogenesis
insulin helps to ______ glucose (blood sugar) when
lower blood sugar when levels are too high
hormones that can increase glucose
epinephrine, thyroid hormone(metabolism), growth hormone, glucocorticoids(steroids, promote glucose production in liver)
drugs that can increase glucose
phenytoin, beta blockers, NSAIDs, diuretics
drugs that can decrease glucose
alcohol, lithium, ACE inhibitors
what is diabetes mellitus
chronic metabolic disorder in which there is deficient insulin secretion or decrease sensitivity of insulin receptors resulting in hyperglycemia
classifications of DM
type I and type II
what is type I diabetes mellitus
common chronic disorder of childhood/ autoimmune disorder that destroys pancreatic beta cells difficult to control, sudden onset between ages 4-20, high incidence of complications and difficult to control, requires exogenous insulin administration
type I diabetes is dependent diabetes meaning
you have to administer insulin
what is type II DM
characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance/ (beta cells are present and insulin present but unable to work), onset after age 40 years/ increasing prevalence among children and teens, gradual onset with less severe symptoms, 90% of people with diabetes have type 2
risk factors for development of type II DM
obesity, sedentary lifestyle, presence of metabolic syndrome, ethnicities (African American & hispanics)
metabolic syndrome r/t diabetes
abdominal obesity low HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and/or impaired fasting glucose
s/sx of hyperglycemia (diabetes): fasting blood glucose levels greater than 126 mg/dL
polyuria, polyphagia (extremely hungry), polydipsia(extremely thirsty), glycosuria (kidneys clearing extra glucose), weight loss (bc of metabolic changes), fatigue
chronic complications of untreated DM
macrovascular and microvascular
what is macrovascular (big vessels)
HTN, MI, stroke, peripheral vascular disease (PVD)