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Pharmacology > Drug Toxicology and Poisoning > Flashcards

Drug Toxicology and Poisoning Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

normal physiological ranges that optimize the function of biological systems

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2
Q

Drugs and other chemicals at high concentrations produce toxicity by?

A

Disrupting homeostasis and causing physiological functions out of the normal range

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3
Q

Quantal dose

A

response curve based effective dosing and toxic effects

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4
Q

ED99

A

dose of drug required to produce a desired effect in 90% of the population

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5
Q

LD1

A

dose producing toxicity in 1% of the population

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6
Q

Margin of Safety

A

LD1/ED99

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7
Q

The larger the therapeutic index…

A

the safer the drug

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8
Q

The wider the margin of safety

A

the safer the drug

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9
Q

U-Shaped dose response curve

A

adverse effects at both high and low doses
examples: vitamins and essential metals

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10
Q

At low doses adverse effects occur due to?

A

a deficiency of nutrients to maintain homeostasis

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11
Q

At high doses there is risk for?

A

overdose toxicity

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12
Q

Types of pharmaceutical effects

A

desirable (therapeutic)
undesirable

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13
Q

Side effect

A

nondeleterious

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14
Q

Toxic Effects

A

deleterious types include pharmacological, pathological, and genotoxic

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15
Q

Allergic Reactions

A

an immunologically mediated (adverse reaction) to a foreign molecule resulting from prior exposure

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of allergic reactions

A

Type 1: Anaphylactic
Type 2: Cytolytic
Type 3: Arthur’s
Type 4: Delayed Hypersensitivity

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17
Q

Anaphylactic reactions

A

type 1
mediated by IgE antibodies
common targets: GI tract, skin, respiratory tract, blood vessels
releases mediators of inflammation
results in vasodilation, edema, and inflammation

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18
Q

Cytolytic Reactions

A

Type 2
mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies
activation of complement system
targets circulatory system
reaction subsidies within several months after removal of the agent

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19
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

anemia caused by red cell disruption

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20
Q

Arthus Reactions

A

Type 3
Mediated by IgG
associated with commonly used antibiotics and other drugs
results in antigen-antibody complexes that lodge in vascular endothelium resulting in serum sickness
affects skin, bone, and lymphatic systems
resolves 6-12 days after removal of agent

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21
Q

Serum sickness

A

uncommon clinical syndrome associated with exposure to animal serum

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22
Q

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

mediated by sensitized T-lymphocytes and macrophages

23
Q

poison ivy

A

causes a reaction to an oily resin called urushiol

24
Q

idiosyncratic reactions

A

abnormal responses to drug exposures in an individual

25
Q

What is the pharmacogenetic basis of idiosyncratic reactions?

A

variations in gene expression that makes patients more/less sensitive to substances through pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic mechanisms

26
Q

What are the two types of cellular response to toxicity?

A

morphological adaptation
injury

27
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

28
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the cell number
morphological adaptation

29
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size
morphological adaptation

30
Q

Metaplasia

A

change in cell type
morphological adaptation

31
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

mild to moderate cellular damage
swelling and fatty change

32
Q

Cellular swelling

A

due to cellular hypoxia that damages the sodium-potassium ATPase pump and increases intracellular fluids
reversible cell injury

33
Q

Fatty Change

A

cell unable to metabolize fat, small vacuoles of fat accumulate within the cytoplasm and may disrupt cellular function
reversible cell injury

34
Q

Irreversible cell injury leading to cell death

A

cell cannot restore homeostasis and function

35
Q

What could cause irreversible cell injury?

A

oxygen deprivation
chemical agents
infectious agents
immunologic reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
physical agents
aging

36
Q

What are the impacts of cell injury?

A

Depletion of ATP
Damage to Mitochondria
Influx of Calcium
Accumulation of Oxygen Derivedd Free Radicals
Defects in Membrane Permeability
Damage to DNA and Proteins

37
Q

If ATP is depleted what could happen?

A

screwed up sodium pumps
anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acidosis -> loss of cell function
influx of calcium
disruption of protein synthesis

38
Q

If the mitochondria is damaged what could happen?

A

ATP is depleted
Formation of high conductance channel and release of cytochrome C (causes apoptosis)

39
Q

If there is an influx of calcium what could happen?

A

Activation of
- phospholipids
- proteases - breakdown cell membrane
- endonucleases - breakdown DNA
- apoptosis - cell suicide

40
Q

Free radicals are synthesized in response to?

A

redox reactions
radiation
enzymatic metabolism of endogenous chemicals

41
Q

Effects of reactive oxygen species

A

lipid peroxidation of membranes
cross-linking of proteins
DNA fragmentation

42
Q

What could happen if there are defects in membrane permeability?

A

decreased phospholipid synthesis
increased phospholipid breakdown
reactive oxygen species
lipid breakdown products
mitochondrial membrane damage
plasma membrane damage
injury to lysosomal membranes

43
Q

What happens if DNA and proteins get damaged?

A

apoptosis

44
Q

Autophagy

A

cellular repair mechanism
removes and degrades damaged cellular components
good for cardiac and skeletal myocytes

45
Q

In autophagy, what dose a an autophagosome fuse with?

A

a lysosome

46
Q

Which has an inflammatory response: Necrosis or Apoptosis?

A

necrosis

47
Q

necrosis

A

nuclear shrinkage, fragmentation and dissolution
breakdown of plasma and organelle membranes
enzymatic digestion of cellular contents
inflammatory response

48
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed destruction of cells
seen in shrinkage of hormone dependent tissues upon hormone deprivation
cell loss in proliferating cell populations
cell death induced by T lymphocytes

49
Q

What are some examples of pathological conditions that use apoptosis?

A

DNA damage
accumulation of misfolded proteins
certain infections
atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction

50
Q

Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis

A

Permeability of mitochondrial membrane
sensor activated- DNA damage, misfolded protein accumulation
cytochrome C released, activates caspace cascade
nuclear fragmentation
intrinsic path

51
Q

Death Receptor Apoptosis

A

on cell surface
tissue necrosis factor
binding of activated T-lymphocytes
activation of caspaces
extrinsic path

52
Q

What is activated by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptopic pathways?

A

initiator caspases

53
Q

Executioner caspases

A

carry out apoptosis by cleaving cellular components

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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