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Drug Use Final Flashcards

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1
Q

water-retaining laxatives

A

hold water in the GI tract to soften stool
-magnesium hydroxide

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2
Q

stimulant laxatives

A

cause intestine and colon contraction to help propel stool through GI tract more quickly
-bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

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3
Q

bulk forming agents

A

reduce diarrhea by being absorbent and thus increase stool viscosity
-psyllium colloid (Metamucil)

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4
Q

bismuth subsalicylate

A

binds to/inactivates bacteria toxins (released during infection) & reduces inflammation
-bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol)

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5
Q

“delayogens”

A

non-absorbed opiates, that slow down stool movement through the intestine allowing time for water removal
-loperamide (imodium)

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6
Q

bulk forming agents

A

reduce diarrhea by being absorbent & thus increase stool viscosity
-psyllium colloid (metamucil)

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7
Q

gerd

A

long-term condition where stomach acid gets into the esophagus causing inflammation, stomach lining erosion, and bleeding
-caused by abnormal relaxation or weakening of the esophageal sphincter

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8
Q

peptic ulcers

A

sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or upper intestine
-caused by helicobacter pylori & NSAIDS

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9
Q

antacids

A

reduces GERD/ulcers by directly neutralizing stomach acid
-TUMS

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10
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

Block the acid-K+ pump, reducing stomach acid production to treat GERD, ulcers, & NSAID-induced ulcers
-omeprazole

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11
Q

H2 receptor antagonists

A

Prevent acid-K+ pump stimulation, reducing stomach acid production to treat GERD & prevent ulcer recurrence
-cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine

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12
Q

bismuth compounds

A

Increase mucous secretion, adhere to ulcer carters, & detach H. pylori
-bismuth subsalicylate

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13
Q

antibiotics

A

Eliminate H. pylori, may be used to treat ulcers
-amoxicillin

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14
Q

orlistat

A

Works in the GI tract to decrease fat absorption from food

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15
Q

phentermine/topiramate

A

Works in the brain to modulate food intake

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16
Q

bupropion/naltrexone

A

Works in the brain to modulate food intake

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17
Q

semaglutide (wegovy)

A

Works in the brain to modulate food intake

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18
Q

setmelanotide (imcivree)

A

Works in the brain to modulate both food intake & energy expenditure

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19
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)

A

Increases resting metabolism (very effective by severe toxicity)

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20
Q

Restrictive bariatric surgey

A

decreases stomach size

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21
Q

Gastric bypass

A

bypasses stomach and part of small intestine

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22
Q

Β-blockers

A

Reduces blood pumped by heart & reduces blood pressure
-atenolol

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23
Q

Vasodilation

A

lowers blood pressure (caused by nitric oxide)

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24
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

raising blood pressure (caused by angiotensin system)

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25
Vasodilators
increases nitric oxide in blood vessels thus relaxing them -nitroglycerin
26
What is diabetes?
a disease in which the body is unable to properly use and store glucose (sugar), lack of insulin production or lack of insulin action
27
Type 1 diabetes
Immune system destroys beta cells of the pancreas resulting in lack of insulin production and hyperglycemia. Insulin is only current treatment.
28
Insulin
increases glucose uptake and utilization -lispro (rapid-acting) -regular (short-acting) -glargine (long-acting)
29
Insulin shock
sweating, rapid heartbeat, unconsciousness
30
Type 2 diabetes
Highly associated with obesity; tissues become insulin resistant resulting in hyperglycemia. Can be treated with a variety of drugs or with insulin, if needed.
31
Biguanides
lower glucose production by liver -metformin
32
Sulfonylureas
enhance insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas -glipizide
33
Thiazolidinediones
increases insulin sensitivity of fat, muscle, and liver -pioglitazone
34
Glucose reabsorption inhibitors
increases glucose excretion in urine -empagliflozin
35
Gestational diabetes
thought to be caused by surge of pregnancy hormones and insufficient insulin action in the mother that drives excess glucose to the baby in utero. Treated with diet and exercise
36
What is cancer?
the uncontrolled overgrowth of abnormal cells that can spread to surrounding tissues
37
Increased cell proliferation
enhanced growth signaling promotes cell division, insensitive to growth inhibition -common characteristic of cancer
38
Evasion of cell death
resistant to normal cell death cues, makes more survival promoting factors -common characteristic of cancer
39
Limitless cell replication potential
common characteristic of cancer
40
Increased blood supply
the development of new branches of blood vessels from existing blood vessels -common characteristic of cancer
41
Tissue invasion & metastasis
invades tissues, spreads through the blood stream, & develop tumors at distant sites -common characteristic of cancer
42
Inherited DNA damage (cancer)
mutations in DNA inherited from your parents
43
Environmental DNA damage (cancer)
chemicals, UV light, viruses
44
Radiation
Goal: to kill rapidly growing cancer cells Mechanism: causes severe DNA damage Drawbacks: damages normal cells
45
Chemotherapy: cisplatin
Goal: kill rapidly growing cancer cells Mechanism: cross-links DNA, disrupting DNA structure and function Use: ovarian and testicular cancers Side effects: nausea, vomiting, hair loss Toxic effects: kidney failure
46
Chemotherapy: doxorubicin
Goal: to kill rapidly growing cancer cells Mechanism: inhibits an enzyme that is necessary for repairing DNA and also causes DNA mutations by inserting into the DNA Use: breast, ovarian, leukemias, lymphomas, etc. Side effects: nausea, vomiting, hair loss Toxic effects: irreversible heart toxicity
47
Targeted therapy: tamoxifen
Goal: to reduce cell growth signaling by estrogen Mechanism: Competitive inhibitor of estrogen at the estrogen receptor (ER) on cancer cells that are dependent on estrogen for growth Use: ER-expressing breast cancers side effects: blood clots, hot flashes
48
Targeted therapy: trastuzumab
Goal: to reduce cell growth signaling Mechanism: Antagonizes a protein (Her2) important for growth signaling in breast cancer cells Use: Her2-expressing breast cancers, lung cancers Side effects: fever, chills, headache
49
Immune enhancing drug: nivolumab mechanism
Mechanism: enhance immune system function during cancer Use: treats wide variety of cancers (e.g. melanoma, lung cancer, colon cancer) Side effects: autoimmunity
50
Why do cancer treatments not always work?
cancer cells develop resistance to the treatment being used
51
Toxicology
the study of adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms
52
Side effects
common results of taking medication, not life threatening
53
Toxic effects
possible outcomes of taking a medication, permanent damage/life threatening
54
Bioaccumulation
-excretion of a toxic substance is lower than its intake -results in accumulation of the toxic substance in the body
55
Biomagnification
-incremental increase in the concentration of a toxic substance at each level of the food chain -results in higher concentrations of a toxic substance as you move up the food chain
56
Methanol & blindness (alcohol toxicities)
Methanol is metabolized into a toxic compound (formic acid) which destroys the optic nerve
57
Ethylene glycol & kidney damage (alcohol toxicities)
-ethylene glycol is metabolized into a different toxic compound (oxalic acid) which forms crystals that accumulate in and damage the kidney
58
Carbon monoxide (CO)
-air pollutant, colorless, odorless -impairs the blood's capacity to carry oxygen
59
Ozone
air pollutant, bluish gas with slightly pungent odor
60
Radon
air pollutant, naturally occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer
61
Lead
-heavy metal poisoning, from paint/toys -causes learning disabilities, high blood pressure
62
Acne
a condition where sebaceous glands in the skin become inflamed and/or infected -hormones, follicle changes, increased sebum production, bacteria
63
Tetracycline
acne treatment, kills P. acnes (protein synthesis inhibitor)
64
Isotretinoin (accutane)
acne treatment, unclogs pores, reduces oil production/inflammation
65
Psoriasis
a chronic, autoimmune disorder marked by red, itchy, & scaly patches of skin & caused by overproduction/accumulation of skin cells
66
Eczema
known as “the itch that rashes”, is a condition where patches of skin become inflamed, itchy, red, cracked, & rough causes: genetics, skin defect
67
Squamous cell carcinoma
the 2nd most common type of skin cancer & can form large masses that are capable of metastasis
68
Malignant melanoma
the most dangerous skin cancer, caused by abnormal melanocyte proliferation and sun exposure
69
Nutrients
Substances obtained from food and used for growth, maintenance and/or repair of tissues –water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins & minerals
70
Vitamins
-organic nutrients that promote essential body functions and increase energy -2 types: water soluble & fat soluble -increases energy & essential body functions
71
Minerals
-Inorganic nutrients (chemical elements) that promote essential body functions -promotes essential body functions
72
Vitamin B3 ‐ Niacin
-creates energy & boosts neurotransmission -effects of excess: minor -diseases caused by deficiency: pellagra
73
Vitamin B6 ‐ Pyridoxine
-energy & neurotransmission -effects of excess: minor -diseases caused by deficiency: seborrheic dermatitis
74
Vitamin B9 ‐ Folic Acid
deficiency = anemia & birth defects
75
Vitamin B12 ‐ Cobalamin
-energy & red blood cell production -effects of excess: minor -deficiency: anemia
76
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
-water-soluble -tissue maintenance, neurotransmission, immune system function -effects of excess: minor -deficiency: scurvy
77
Vitamin A
-fat-soluble -vision, immune system -deficiency: impaired night vision, dry cornea
78
Vitamin D
-fat-soluble -regulates calcium -deficiency: rickets & osteoporosis
79
Vitamin E
-fat-soluble -tissue maintenance, immune system function -deficiency: weakness
80
Calcium
-bones & teeth, muscle contraction -deficiency: rickets & muscle weakness
81
Iron
-hemoglobin - binds iron to carry oxygen in red blood cells -deficiency: anemia
82
Iodine
-thyroid hormone, regulates energy & oxygen -effects of excess: severe -deficiency: goiter
83
Zinc
-promotes immune system function, cold remedy -severe: permanent loss of smell

Drug Use & Abuse (1 decks)

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