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LAM II Abxs > Drug Use, Misuse, Residues > Flashcards

Drug Use, Misuse, Residues Flashcards

1
Q

OTC

A

Over the Counter

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2
Q

ELUD or ELDU

A

extra label use drug or drug usage

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3
Q

VCPR

A

veterinary client patient relationship
key elements:
vet engage w/ client to assume responsibility for making clinical judgments about patient health
sufficient knowledge of patient by virtue of patient exam &/or visits to facility where patient is managed
provide for any necessary flowup eval/care
req vets to follow state defined VCPR requirements
in states where FDA determines that no applilcable or appropriate state VCPR requirements exist - vets need to issue VFDs in compliance w/ federally defined VCPR

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4
Q

Food Animal (FA)

A

edible tissues consumed by people in the country

FDA changes status of non-FA to FA if believed to regularly be consumed

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5
Q

Baytril

A

federal law prohibit extra label use in FA’s

tx certain bovine/swine respiratory dz

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6
Q

Potbellied Pigs

A 
FA
novelty worn off -> get rid of
too big/aggressive/illegal
strays -> problems
to humane shelters / slaughter
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7
Q

AMDUCA

A

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

a law which regulates drugs used in animals

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8
Q

ELUD

A 
valid vcpr
no labeled drug
adequate records
prolonged w/d times
proper label by vet
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9
Q

VFD

A

veterinary feed directive
extra label feed additives
written statement issued by licensed vet in course of vet’s professional practice
authorizes use of VFD drug or combo VFD drug in or on animal feed
authorizes client (owner of animal/animals or caretaker) to obtain & use animal feed bearing or containing VFD drug/combo VFD drugd to tx client’s animal only in accordance w/ conditions for use approved, conditionally approved, indexed by FDA
final rule req vets to issue all VFD’s w/in context of VCPR
cover major species: cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, dogs, cats

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10
Q

Prohibited in FA

A 
Chloramphenicol
Clenbuterol
Diethylstilbestrol
Dimetridazole
Ipronidazole
Nitroimidazoles
Furazolidone
Nitrofurazone
Sulfonamides
--lactating dairy
--except: Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfamomethazine, Sulfathoxypyridazine
Flouroquinolones
Glycopeptides
Phenylbutazone
--female dairy cow >20mos
Cephalosporin
--exclude cephaprin
--not for species dz prevention
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11
Q

FARAD

A

Food Animal Residue Avoidance Database
can get w/d info when you don’t know when extralabel
provide sciende-based advice to help mitigate unsafe chemical residues in products from food animals

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12
Q

Milk & Dairy Beef Residue Prevention Protocol

A
  1. practice healthy herd management
  2. establish a valid vcpr
  3. use only FDA approved OTC or prescription drugs
  4. label correctly
  5. store drugs correctly
  6. admin drugs correctly & ID tx’d animals
  7. maintain tx records
  8. use drug residue screening tests
  9. implement employee/family awareness
  10. complete protocol annually
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13
Q

Drug Residue Screening Tests

A 
No abxs in milk (organic or non-organic)
test for beta lactam abxs before unload truck
Meat w/d
--important
--labels & doc w/d times
--abx residue testing in slaughter houses
--under supervision of USDA FSIS vets
--cull cows - special attn
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14
Q

FAST

A

Fast Abx Screening Test

detects substances in tissues - inhibit Bacillus megaterium growth

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15
Q

Market for Swine Drugs

A 
growth promotants
GI dz - nursery pigs
Resp dz - 
Ileitis
Atrophic Rhinitis
External & Internal Parasites
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16
Q

The 5 Rights

A 
Right patient
Right drug
Right time
Right dose
Right route
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17
Q

Market for Cattle Drugs

A

Resp dz - biggest thing in dairy cattle
parasitism
reproduction - hormones (rx drugs need to be aware of)
mastitis
production enhancement
–BST: almost nonexistent - public perception that hormones are bad
–Bovatec/Rumensin: feed additives

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18
Q

Hot Milk

A

milk w/ abxs

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19
Q

special features of dairy cow

A 
product sold daily
intense product surevaillance & regulation 
milk contains fat
special health issues of milking cows
--metabolic dz
--mastisis
--reproduction (infectious & hormonal)
infectious foot conditions
20
Q

Potential risks to humans from drug residues

A 
direct poisoning of drug residue
--toxicity
--pharmacologic effect
cancer
mutations
change gut bacteria
bacterial drug resistance
allergy
effects on food processing
21
Q

Illegal Drugs

A 
drugs banned from us in dairy animals
--Sulfasmethazine (except under 20mos)
--other Sulfonamides
--Tetracyclines as feed additives
     --now labeled in dairy as therapeutic drug
banned in any food animal
--chloramphenicol
--clenbuterol
--diethylstilbestrol
--dimetridazole
--ipronidazole
--other nitroimidazoles (metronidazole)
--furazolidone
--nitrofurazone
--fluoroquionolones - except approved use
--glycopeptides
--dipyrone
--phenylbutazone (dairy >20mos))
22
Q

Ceftiofur

A

tx of calf septicemia (Naxcel)
no drugs approved for septicemia
prohibited use extra label except for indications
not illegal

23
Q

Enrofloxacin

A

tx of resp dz in dairy cow

extralabel use of fluoroquinolones is illegal

24
Q

Flunixin Meglumine Inj

A

IV or IM use in horses
IV use in beef/dairy cows
Not for use in dry dairy cow & veal calves
Fed law restricts use by or on order of licensed vet
Indications:
–Cattle: control of pyrexia assoc w/ bovine respiratory dz & endotoxemia
–control of inflammation & endotoxemia
Dose & Admin:
–Cattle: for pyrexia assoc w/ bovine respiratory dz & endotoxemia & control of inflammation in enodotoxemia = 1.1 - 2.2mg/kg slow IV SID or BID up to 3 days
Residue: Cattle must not be slaughtered for human consumption w/in 4 days of last tx. Milk taken during tx & for 36 hrs after last tx not used for food.
Not for use in dairy cows
w/d period not established in preruminating calves
do not use in calves to be processed for veal

25
Q

Extra Label

A

does not mean illegal
based on vet’s discretion
need to alter w/d periods based on extralabel usage

26
Q

ELUD Label

A

Name & address of veterinary & pharmacist if so dispensed
directions: patient ID, class/species, dosage, frequency, route of admin, duration of therapy
withdrawal/witholding, discard times for meat, milk, eggs, etc
established name or active ingredients of drug
cautionary statement

27
Q

Extralabel: legal/illegal

A

label specifically says that use of drug in extralabel manner is prohibited = illegal
completely illegal
–some drugs that are totally prohibited from food animal use
–chloramphenicol
–no food animal species is on label - thus any use = illegal

28
Q

Abx Use Concerns

A 
Fluoroquinolones
Naxcel & Excenel
Cefazolin
Gentamicin
on farm decision making
injectables vs intramammary for mastitis tx
extended abx therapy for mastitis
multiple use bottles for intramammary
medicated milk replacer - veal - neomycin
29
Q

Other drug issues

A

european ban on hormonal growth promotants
(precautionary principle)
–estradiol, progesterone, testosterone
–trenbolone, zeranol (ralgro), melengestrol acetate
minor use, minor species act, 2004 (MUMS)
–conditional approval
–index of legal marketed unapproved animal drugs
–orphan drugs

30
Q

drugs/classes of drugs approved for tx/prevent influenza A in humans
prohibitied from ELDU in chickens, turkeys, ducks regardless of whether or not ELDU criteria met

A

Adamantanes
Neuraminidase inhibitors
extralabel use of drugs in txing food producing animals for improving rate of wt gain, feed efficiency, other production purposes is prohibited under AMDUCA
no extralabel uses in animal feed allowed

31
Q

Choosing Antibiotic

A

drugs have different availabilities (bound up to proteins in blood or free)
–free drug = active form
drugs have different tissue preferences
–some like concentrate in tissues, fat, blood, etc
–drug may get too high level in blood
some drugs penetrate tissue well & others don’t

32
Q

Choosing Antimicrobial

A

abx sensitivity drug thickness
admin route contraindications - abortion
dose frequency owner compliance
animal disposition efficacy
# being tx’d # of doses
w/d times cost
severity of dz human health hazard
size of animal prognosis

33
Q

Penicillin (Procaine P G; Polyflex [amoxicillin]; Benzathine Pen), K pen (IV)

A 
PPG
gram + spectrum
daily dosing
medium w/d times (10days)
cheap 
OTC
example use: footrot, presurgical, listeria, clostridial infections
34
Q

Oxytetracycline (100, 200, 300mg/ml; Chlortetracycline)

A 
Long acting 200
broad spectrum
bacteriostatic
thick soln
inj rxns
1-3 day dosing interval (100 & 200mg)
7 day interval (300mg)
cheap
OTC
35
Q

Cephalosporins (Ceftiofus sodium, Naxcel, Ceftiofur HCl, Excenel & Excede)

A 
Naxcel - most dairies bc w/d times
broad spectrum: more gram -
moderate cost
short w/d times
daily dosing (except Excede ~7 days)
sml volume of dose
36
Q

Ceftiofur

A 
extralabel use prohibited except for indications (ok for sml ruminants)
naxcel, excenel, excede
all labeled for (except intramammary)
--BRD:  Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Histophilus
Excenel labeled for:
--footrot
--metritis
Naxcel (Bo, Po, Ov, Cap)
--Bo: footrot & BRD only
37
Q

Florfenicol (Nuflor)

A 
good for resp infections
broad spectrum
static
fairly expensive
dosing for 2 to 4 days
thick
38
Q

EXAM
Enrofloxacin (Baytril)
Danofloxacin (A180)

A

broad spectrum
expensive
1-2day dosing interval
extralabel use is ILLEGAL

39
Q

Spectinomycin (Spectam)
Erythromycin
Tylosin

A 
less common use
cheap
spectam - bovine resp dz
tylosin - sheep & swine dzes
erythromycin???
40
Q

Tilmicosin (Micotil)

A 
good resp dz drug
don't dispense to backyard client
bovine resp dz
seminal vesiculitis
3 day dosing interval
fatal injections (cattle & humans)
moderate expense
41
Q

Draxxin - New Abx

A

Tulathromycin (erythromycin cousin)
not labeled for female dairy cow >/= 20mos
dose 1ml/88lbs
cattle & swine
SQ cattle; IM swine
Cattle: labeled for bacterial resp dz
one shot last ~ 7 days (long acting)
painful in goats
Swine: labeled for swine resp dz (A. pleuropneumoniae, P. multocida, Bordetella, H. parasuis)
meat w/d: 18 days cattle & 5 days swine
single dose

42
Q

Zuprevo (Macrolide)

A 
target resp tissue
only labeled for cattle
works well for pneumonia
concentration in lungs for 28 days
1 shot
1ml/100lbs
meat w/d = 21 days
highly syringeable
43
Q

Gentamicin

A

broad spectrum
loooong w/d times - 1.5 years
relatively cheap
gentamicin induced nephrotoxicosis in cow

44
Q

antibiotic sensitivity

A

tells us what won’t work

45
Q

route of administration

A

IV, IM, SQ, PO (few oral drugs; rumen inactivates)

46
Q

FDA’s Guidance #213

A

illegal to use medically important abxs for production purposes & animal producers will need to obtain authrization from licensed vet to use them for prevention, control, tx of specifically identified dz

LAM II Abxs (1 decks)

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