Drugs

Question 1

What is the mechanism of bronchodilators?

Answer 1

Relax bronchial smooth muscle
B2 agonist
Salbutamol is an example

Question 2

How do anti-muscarinic agents work in resp drugs?

Answer 2

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
Ipratropium is an example

Question 3

What are the SE of Theophylline/Aminophylline?

Answer 3

N&V&D
Palpitations
Narrow therapeutic index
Irritability limit usefulness

Question 4

How do corticosteroids work?

Answer 4

Reduce inflammation by action on intracellular protein synthesis
Cross membrane
Bind to glucocorticoid receptor
Carried into nucleus
Promote formation of anti-inflammatory proteins

Question 5

Is IV steroids quicker than PO?

Answer 5

No
Protein formation in the nucleus is a rate limiting factor
Therefore PO acts just as fast as IV

Question 6

Which antihistamines are sedating & non-sedating?

Answer 6

Sedating: Chlorphenamine
Non: Cetirizine

Question 7

What type of hypersensitivity does antihistamines work against?

Answer 7

Type 1 hypersensitivity

Question 8

What benzos have a long, intermediate & short half life?

Answer 8

Long: Diazepam
Intermediate: Chlordiazepoxide
Short: Midazolam, Lorazepam

Question 9

What usually triggers lithium toxicity? Why?

Answer 9

Dehydration
Diuretic use
Lithium & Na in same chemical group
Body tries to conserve Na but at the same time conserves Li causing build up

Question 10

What are the Sx of Li toxicity?

Answer 10

Non-specific
Confusion
Tremor
Ataxia
Poor concentration
GI Sx

Question 11

What is the mechanism of SSRIs?

Answer 11

Act on presynaptic serotonin reuptake

Question 12

What are the effects of overdose of Tricyclics?

Answer 12

Anticholinergic effects (urine retention, dry mouth, hot)
Cardiac conduction abnormalities (tachyarrhythmias, HB, prolonged QRS)
Respiratory depression
Convulsions
Metabolic acidosis

Question 13

What are the Sx of Serotonin syndrome?

Answer 13

High temp/sweating
Tachy
Confusion/agitation
Muscle twitching
Diarrhoea

Question 14

What drug groups can cause serotonin syndrome?

Answer 14

MAOIs
SSRIs

Question 15

What are the SE of antipsychotics?

Answer 15

Anticholinergic effects
Extrapyramidal effects
Photosensitivity
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Question 16

Give an example of a Butyrophenone

Answer 16

Haloperidol

Question 17

What are the atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Answer 17

Olanazpine
Quetiapine
Clozapine
Risperidone
Aripiprazole

Question 18

What are the indications for Carbemazepine?

Answer 18

Focal seizures
Grand Mal seizures

Question 19

What is the indication for Valproate?

Answer 19

Grand Mal seizures usually in children

Question 20

How does Penicillin work?

Answer 20

Cell wall disruption
Pen V: Works on S. Viridans, S. Progenies

Question 21

What does Amoxicillin work against?

Answer 21

Many Gram +ve
Respiratory organisms
Some Gram -ve organisms
Some resistance in S. Pneumonia & H. influenza

Question 22

How does Co-Amoxiclav work?

Answer 22

Beta lactase inhibited by Clavulanic acid
Allows penicillin to act on cell wall
Cover s both Gram +ve & -ve

Question 23

When are 3rd generation cephalosporins used?

Answer 23

Meningitis
Gonorrhoea

Question 24

How do sulphonamides work? What do they work on?

Answer 24

Act on folate pathway, similar to Trimethoprim
Can be used to Strep, Staph, E.Coli, H.influ

Question 25

What are examples of Macrolides? What is it used against?

Answer 25

Erythromycin Clarithyromycin Mycoplasma, atypical pneumonia, campylobacter, pertussis

Question 26

How do macrolides & Clindamycin & Tetracyclines work?

Answer 26

Bind to ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis

Question 27

How is Clindamycin good for osteomyelitis?

Answer 27

90% Oral bioavailability Good tissue penetration Good for anaerobic treatment

Question 28

What are tetracyclines used against?

Answer 28

Malaria Rickettsia Lyme disease Chlamydia Doxy: Resp diseases

Question 29

Why do we avoid giving tetracyclines to children?

Answer 29

Cause issues with teeth and bones Teratogenic

Question 30

What do ahminoglycosides work against?

Answer 30

Gram -ve Majority susceptible but some resistance via plasmids

Question 31

Why is Nitrofurantoin not used in pyelonephritis?

Answer 31

Poor tissue absorption 25% drug conc found in urine

Question 32

What does metronidazole work against?

Answer 32

Anaerobes Protozoa C. Diff H. Pylori

Question 33

What drug group can cause tendon rupture?

Answer 33

Quinolones

Question 34

How does Chloramphenicol & Fusidic acid work?

Answer 34

Disruption of protein synthesis

Question 35

Why's Chloramphenicol no longer given as a tablet?

Answer 35

Can cause fatal aplastic anaemia

Question 36

What anaesthetic agents inhibit NMDA receptors?

Answer 36

Ketamine NO Xenon