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anesthesiology > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Anticholinergic drugs

A

Atropine - (BBB & BPB)

Glycopyrolate - longer

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2
Q

Uses of Anticholinergics

A

Tx of Bradycardia caused by vagal stimualtion

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3
Q 
Anticholinergics Effects
CNS
CV
Resp
Analgesia 
Reversible
A 
CNS - No effects
CV - Vasoconstriction --> dumps blood into central compartment --> Increase SV --> increase HR
Resp - Increase via Bronchodilation
Analgesia - NO
Reversible - NO
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4
Q

Other facts about Anticholinergics

A

Increase sphincter tone
mydriasis (dilation of the pupil)
** Decrease GI Motility **
decrease mucus secretions

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5
Q

Phenothiazine drugs

A

Acepromazine (4-6hrs)

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6
Q

Uses of Phenothiazines like Ace.

A

Pre-med

Sedation in combo w/opioids or alpha 2 agonists

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7
Q 
Phenothiazine (Ace.) Effects
CNS 
CV
Resp 
Analgesia
Reversible
A 
Ace - D2 antag/ A1 antag
CNS - Anti-emetic; No ataxia; Sedation
CV- vasodilation --> decrease BP; protects heart from catecholamine induced arrhythmias; adrenaline reversal;  if act on B2 receptors --> double vasodilation --> severe decrease in BP
Resp- NO
Analgesia - NO
Reversible - NO
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8
Q

Other facts about Phenothiazine (Ace.)

A

Antiemetic
negative thermoregulation (poikilothermic)
Paraphimosis
Priapism
decrease PCV –> RBC sequestering in spleen

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9
Q

Butryophenone drugs

A

Azaperone

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10
Q

Butyrophenone uses

A

Sedation ONLY in pigs

in combo with ketamine for anx

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11
Q 
Butyrophenone effects
CNS
CV
Resp 
Analgesia
Reversible
A 
CNS- sedation with no ataxia
CV- Vasodilation; decrease BP
Resp- NO
Analgesia - NO
Reversible- NO
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12
Q

Other facts about Butyrophenone (Azaperone)

A

Like Ace

S/E less pronounced

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13
Q

Alpha 2 Agonists - Drugs

A 
shortest acting to longest acting
Xylazine 
Detomidine
Ramifidine
Medatomadine
Dexdomitor
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14
Q

A2 agonists Uses

A

Premed - alone or in combo with opioids
Sedation - +/- opioids
Balanced Anx
Periop Anx

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15
Q 
A2 Agonist Effects
CNS
CV 
Resp 
Analgesia
Reversible
A

CNS- sedation; muscle relax; CAVE- horses and aggressive dogs
CV- Vasoconstriction –> increase BP –> decrease HR; bradyarrhythmia; centrally mediated hypotension
Resp- decrease RR; Lung edema in ruminants esp sheep
Analgesia- Yes
Reversible - Yes; Atipamazole (dexmedetomidine and medetomidine); Yohimbine (xylazine) ; Tolazaline (xylazine)

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16
Q

Other facts about A2 agonists

A 
***Emetic***
Hypothermia
decrease GI motility
increase urine production
***Hyperglycemia***
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17
Q

Benzodiazepine drugs

A

Diazepam
Midazolam
Zolazepam

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18
Q

Benzodiaz. uses

A

Sedation
Muscle relax
good in compromised pts

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19
Q 
Benzodiaz. effects
CNS
CV
Resp 
Analgesia
Reversible
A

CNS- sedation, muscle relax, anticonvulsant
CV- NO
Resp- Minimal but increase resp depression caused by anesthetics
Analgesia- Minimal
Reversible - Flumazenil

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20
Q

Other facts about Benzos

A

CAVE horses
In healthy adults +/- paradoxic runs
Only good in young/old

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21
Q

Central Muscle Relaxants drugs

A

Guaifenesin

Zolazepam ?????

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22
Q

Guaifenesin (central mus. relax.) uses

A

ONLY in horses to improve muscle relax in combo with ketamine

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23
Q 
Guaifenesin (central mus. relax.) effects
CNS
CV 
Resp 
Analgesia
Reversible
A 
CNS- Central MM relax.; Anticonvulsant; Ataxia
CV- NO
Resp- Minimal 
Analgesia - NO
Reversible - NO
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24
Q

Other facts - Guaifenesin (central mus. relax.)

Study These Flashcards
A

Very irritating
Hemolytic @ [high]
Useful dose rate –> high vol. in inj.

25
Opioids - Pure Agonist drugs
``` Morphine Pentidine Hydromorphine Methadone Fentanyl Remifentanil Alfentanil ```
26
Opioids - Partial Agonists
Buprenorphine
27
Opioids - Agonist/Antagonist
Agonist (Kappa recep) Antagonist (Mu recep) ***Butorphenol***
28
Opioids - Pure Antagonist
Naloxone | Naltrexone
29
What Opioid reverses Opioid Pure Agonists
***Naloxone*** | which is an opioid - pure antagonist
30
Opioid uses
Premeds/just sedation In combo w/sedatives --> additive/synergistic effects Periop analgesia Intraop analgesia (balanced anx)
31
Opioid --> mostly visceral; *very low S/E*
Butorphenol | opioid - agonist/antagonist
32
Opioid --> commonly used in zoos
Naloxone | opioid - pure antagonist
33
``` Opioids Effects CNS CV Resp Analgesia Reversible ```
CNS- Mild sedation; analgesia; behavioral changes (horse/cat) CV- Histamine release after IV (Not Hydromorphine or Methadone); Decrease HR; Decrease BP; Vagal + Resp- Decrease RR; decrease sensitivity to increase arterial ppCO2; ***Most dangerous effect at high dose (pure ag.)in resp decrease*** Analgesia - YES Reversible- Buprenorphine (partial agonist) is difficult to antagonize --> strong affinity for mu receps; Naloxone (pure antag) reverses pure agonists and has shorter 1/2 t than most opioids
34
other facts about opioids
*Crosses placenta --> decrease resp rate in neonate excreted in milk *Emetic --> anti-emetic increase bladder sphincter tone antitussive (But.) primary --> constipation *Dogs --> Miosis (constriction of the pupil) and decrease temp *Cats --> Mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and increase temp *Auditory sensitivity increase with fentanyl in cats can build up tolerance
35
Barbituate drugs
shortest - Thiopental middle - Pentobarbital longest - Phenobarbital
36
Barbituate Contraindications
``` Hepatic dz Neonates Grey hounds Cachexia (wasting syndrome) Splenectomy C-section ```
37
``` Barbituate Effects CNS CV Resp Analgesia Reversible ```
CNS- Fast induction; strong hypnosis (decrease ICP); neuroprotectant (anti-eleptics) CV - Arrhythmias; Decrease BP; Decrease CO --> tachyarrhythmia; MM relax Resp - NO Analgesia- NO Reversible - NO
38
Barbituates other factors
*Quickest onset of action - shortest duration Extremely irritant Precipitates in LRS Hypothermia Slow recovery due to redistribution --> cumulates in fat
39
Propofol drugs
Propofol
40
``` Propofol effects CNS CV Resp Analgesia Reversible ```
CNS- decrease ICP; short acting; anticonvulsant; good hypnosis CV- decrease BP; decrease contractility; ***repeated doses --> heinz bodies in cats***; anemia ***Resp depression*** (worst drawback) Analgesia - NO Reversible - NO
41
Barbituate uses
Induction
42
Propofol uses
Widely used IV sedation Good in small ruminants Good with liver and kidneys
43
Propofol other facts
Give slowly to effect (resp -) Minimal accumulations Two formulas Myoclonus (sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles) after induction
44
Alfaxalone drugs
Alfaxalone
45
What kind of drug is Alfaxalone
***Neuroactive steroid***
46
Alfaxalone uses
Rapid anx onset Min accum good for CRI
47
``` Alfaxalone effects CNS CV Resp Analgesia Reversible ```
CNS- decrease ICP; short acting; anticonvulsant; MM relax CV - decrease contractility --> decrease BP --> reflex tachycard Resp- depression (less than propofol) Analgesia- NO Reversible - NO
48
Etomidate drugs
Etomidate | $$$
49
Etomidate uses
Fast indction min CV Necrosis perivasc.
50
Alfaxalone other facts
Can be IM Give slowly to effect Muscle twitching following induction Stormy recovery despite sedation in cats
51
``` Etomidate effects CNS CV Resp Analgesia Reversible ```
``` CNS- GABA; decrease ICP CV- NO effect Resp - minimal Analgesia - NO Reversible - NO ```
52
Other factors - Etomidate
Myoclonus if no premeds --> give w/ mm relax | Decrease syn. of cortisol
53
Dissociative drugs
Ketamine | Tiletamine
54
Dissociative drug uses (ketamine and tiletamine)
Induction in many species Maintenance for short procedures CRI IM inj. +/- pain
55
Contraindications for Dissociatives (ketamine and tiletamine)
``` Increased IOP Head trauma Epilepsy Brain tumor Myelogram C-section ```
56
``` Dissociatives effects CNS CV Resp Analgesia Reversible ```
CNS- No hypnosis; Catalepsy (trancelike state of consciousness that is marked by a loss of voluntary motion); Reflexes maintained; Increased IOP; Increased ICP; increase O2 consumption --> increase HR and BP CV - Sympathetic stimulation; Increase HR and increase BP Resp- Mild resp depression; bronchodilation Analgesia- Yes (somatic) Reversible - NO
57
Other facts - Dissociatives (Ketamine and Tiletamine)
``` Cataleptic state IV, IM, SQ, PO, recall (?) Increase salivation Increase/Decrease temp NEVER USE ALONE!!!!!! Anesthetic depth is hard to assess ```
58
Extra facts about Tiletamine
***Longer DOA*** - combo with Zolazepam (decrease 1/2t) +/- long recovery (rough) Muscle rigidity, excite, seizure No redose Good in hard to anesthetize patients (wild animals)

anesthesiology (15 decks)

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