Drugs

Question 1

inhibitors of Na+-K+ATPase and maintain or increase sodium in the ICF

Answer 1

Cardiac glycosides

Question 2

What are examples of cardiac glycoside drugs?

Answer 2

Digitalis, Digoxin, Oubain

Question 3

If a Na+K+ ATPase blocker is given, what happens?

Answer 3

there is depolarization in side the cell

Question 4

Which drug is this:

• blocks the Primary active transport.
• H+/K+ (proton pump) inhibitor in gastric parietal cells transports H+into lumen of the stomach against its electrochemical gradient

Answer 4

Omeprazole

Question 5

• blocks the voltage-sensitive Na+channels & prevent the occurrence of nerve Action potentials.
• abolishes pain, as it blocks transmission of pain impulses, used as a local anesthetic

Answer 5

Lidocaine

Question 6

blocks these voltage-sensitive Na+channels & abolishes Action potentials Net Force

Answer 6

Tetrodotoxin -TTX(toxin from Japanese puffer fish)

Question 7

blocks the release of Ach from presynaptic vesicles terminals causing total neuromuscular transmission, skeletal muscle paralysis and eventually death from respiratory paralysis

Answer 7

Botulinum Toxin

Question 8

• competes with Ach for Nicotinic receptors on motor end plate, thereby decreasing size of End plate potential.
• in large doses, causes paralysis & death due to respiratory paralysis. -Used by S.American hunters as an arrow poison

Answer 8

Curare

Question 9

a form of Curare, is therapeutically used as an anesthetic as it causes skeletal muscle relaxation

Answer 9

D-Tubocurarine

Question 10

present in krait’s venom is a neurotoxin, binds irreversibly to Ach receptors

Answer 10

α- Bungarotoxin

Question 11

• anticholinesterase agents used in Myasthenia gravis treatment, that inhibit AchE enzyme so Ach remains in synaptic cleft for a longer period and in larger amounts, prolonging time available for Ach to activate the receptor.
• Enables a larger amplitude of EPP which will be able to generate muscle AP.
• Better muscle contractions

Answer 11

Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine

Question 12

• produced byclostidium tetani(as spores) blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and Gly.
• This results in increased repetitive stimulation of motor neurons causing increased intracellular calcium.
• This leads to continuous binding of Ca2+to Troponin C & continues cross-bridge cycling, resulting in a state of sustained contraction

Answer 12

Tetanus toxin

Question 13

inhibits GH secretion. Used in the treatment of excess growth hormones

Answer 13

Somatostatin analogues(Example:Octreotide, Lanreotide)

Question 14

dopamine agonist decrease prolactin secretion

Answer 14

Bromocryptine

Question 15

• used to treat Bipolar mood disorders, it impairs the ADH stimulatory effect on adenylate cyclase, resulting in less cAMP.
• Decreased Aquaporin 2 expression (Decreased AQP 2 mRNA, levels); this results in resistance to actions of ADH leading to Nephrogenic diabetes Insipidus

Answer 15

Lithium carbonate

Question 16

used in SIADH treatment to block ADH water reabsorption action

Answer 16

Demeclocycline

Question 17

• a synthetic form of ADH. -In Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, urine osmolarity fails to increase even after giving injection ADH.
• In Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus, urine osmolarity increases only after administration

Answer 17

Desmopressin

Question 18

-inhibit thyroid peroxidase enzyme which prevents the oxidation of iodide to iodine, organification to form MIT and DIT and the coupling of MIT and DIT to form T3 and T4

Answer 18

Thioamides (Eg. Proply Thiouracil, Methimazole and Carbimazole)

Question 19

aβ-adrenergic blocking drug, is used in Hyperthyroidism to treat palpitations

Answer 19

Propranolol

Question 20

-synthetic form of T4 used in the treatment of thyroid hormone deficiency in conditions such as hypothyroidism. -It may also be used to treat Goiter due to its ability to lower TSH levels

Answer 20

Levothyroxine

Question 21

-inhibits calcium reabsorption. Used for treatment of hypercalcemia

Answer 21

Furosemide

Question 22

inhibits bone resorption

Answer 22

Etidronate

Question 23

• a corticosteroid used to help control the amount of sodium and fluids in your body.
• used to treat Addison’s disease and syndromes where excessive amounts of sodium are lost in the urine.
• works by decreasing the amount of sodium that is lost (excreted) in your urine.

Answer 23

Fludrocortisone

Question 24

• glucocorticoid that inhibits the release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets
• used in allergy treatment.
• Also inhibits collagen synthesis, thereby prevents tissue adhesions, therefore its given therapeutically after abdominal surgeries

Answer 24

cortisol

Question 25

-decrease inflammation and pain as they induce lipocortin, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, which is necessary to form aracidonate, which is a precursor of prostaglandins & leukotrienes needed for inflammation.

Answer 25

Glucocorticoids (Eg, Hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and prednisone)

Question 26

Which drug does not suppress ACTH & Cortisol secretion, as tumor cells secreting ACTH  (Secondary disease/ Cushing’s disease) are less responsive to negative feedback by Cortisol?

Answer 26

low dose dexamethasone

Question 27

Which drug does suppress both ACTH & Cortisol in Cushing’s disease but ectopic ACTH, adrenal tumor cortisol is not suppressed?

Answer 27

high dose dexamethasone

Question 28

These drugs suppress the immune response by inhibiting production of Interleukins IL-2 & T-lymphocytes which are crucial for cellular immunity o   Destruction of lymphoid tissues o   Prevents rejection of transplanted organs

Answer 28

glucocortocoids

Question 29

reduces edema in the brain

Answer 29

Mannitol

Question 30

Toxin that blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine

Answer 30

Clostridium tetani

Question 31

- increased levels of prolactin | - taken by schizophrenics

Answer 31

Dopamine antagonists

Question 32

block the first step in synthesis of thyroid hormones | -decreases T3/T4 levels

Answer 32

Thiocyanate & Perchlorate anions

Question 33

drug for pheochromocytoma

Answer 33

vanillyl mandelic acid