Drugs Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
When a bug eats a xanthine what is produced
A
Octopamine
2
Q
Octopamine is what
A
a natural pestacide, it kills bugs and not humans
3
Q
methylxanthines founds in plants:
A
coffe, tea, yerba mate, guarna, kola nut, cocao
4
Q
Yerba mate is similar to ____ and Guarna is similar to ______
A
brewing tea; brewing coffee
5
Q
Caffeine content in Guarna is ____ x more than in coffeee
A
2
6
Q
Guarna also contains
A
theophylline and theobromine
7
Q
Tea dates back to _____
A
2737 BC
8
Q
First tea shipment to Canada
A
Hudson Bay Company in 1700
9
Q
1633 Sultan Murad and coffee ban
A
2nd time in a coffee house they were to have their head sewn in a leather bag and thrown in a river
10
Q
Caffeine in Starbs
A
180, 260, 330
11
Q
Canadians drink ____ soda a day and US drinks _______
A
85L (1can) and 216 (3cans)
12
Q
_____ caffeine is added into soft drinks
A
95%
13
Q
Caffeine BL reach in about ____ , reaching peak at _____ and peak CNS _____
A
30-60 min, 1 hour, 2 hour
14
Q
Half life of caffeine
A
5 hours
15
Q
Caffeine is an antagonist at _______ receptors
A
Adenosine - which surpresses nural activity - does not actually do an activity
16
Q
Lethal dose and toxification dose
A
200 mg/kg and 600mg
17
Q
Caffeine does not develop tolerance on
A
no sleeping effects
18
Q
does caffeine create withdrawal symptoms and PD?
A
Yes - most common is headache
19
Q
SH were originally designed for medical uses -
A
relieving anxiety, sleep, seizures
20
Q
MOST SH __________ unwanted side effects
A
depress CNS, induce sleep (SOPORIFIC EFFECT) and dull awareness (hypnotic)
21
Q
Early SH
A
- pottassium bromise, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde
22
Q
Potassium Bromide
A
calming and soothing effects, until recently was used in meds (from 1800s) discontinued because of its toxicity
23
Q
Bromoseltzer
A
alcohol hangover remedy because mimmics alcohol
24
Q
Potassium BROMIDE TOXICITY
A
bromide is slowly excreted by kidneys, half life 12 days, symptoms: impaired thought/memory, delerium, hallucinations, mania and coma
25
Chloral Hydrate
- MM and Anna Nicole Smith death - combined with alcohol to make KNOCKOUT DROPS or MICKEY FINNS (date rape), Evidence in Journal of inebrity
26
Paraldehyde
Alc withdrawal - similar effects of alcohol but tastes bad - people prefer alcohol and a large percentage is expiredV VIA lungs
27
Barbituates were synthesized by
Adolph Van Bayer in 1864
28
Barbituates OG consisted of
molnic acid and urea
29
Said to come from formation on
St barbras day or a munich waitress who contributed her urine
30
1st modification of barbituric acid
BARBITAL - VERONAL after the peachful and calm city verona, had long onset and duration
31
Long lasting barb
Onset: 1 hour, Duration: atleast 6 hours - PHENOBARB, tablet, liquid or capsul
32
Int barb
Onset: 30 min, Duraction: 4-6 hours, AMOBARBITAL AKA truth serum
33
Short acting barb
onset: 15 min, duration: 1-4 hours, PENTO OR SEC
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ULTRA SHORT Barb
onset: seconds, duration about 5 minutes hexobarbital and thiopental
35
why were barbs made illlegal
- more produced than people after HYGIAs second article about the abuse of barbs
36
Peak of barbs
1950's-60's then taken over BEN
37
typical abuser of barb
middle (30-50), middle/upper class females
38
COLOURS:
Amo - blue, pento - yellow, seco - red, tunical - red and blue
39
Ultra short: propofol
anasthetic, milk of amnesia, small TI, onet: 1 min, duration: 10
40
What did MJ OD on
propofol and bennies
41
What happens when you combine barbs and alcohol
- act synergistically, multiplicative manner
42
Neurochem effects of barbs
1. enhance inhib actions of GABA
2. decrease glutamate
3. reinforcing and rewarding is less clear
43
Tolerance of barbs?
yes, to almost all effects --> behavioural impairing, sleep inducing, reinforcing and lethal (lethal faster than others) increase chance of OD
44
Is there PD in Barbs?
YES, similar with those in alcohol - hypotension, fainting, tremours, muscular faschilations, anorezia, weight loss, confusion, delusion, hallucinations
45
How many deaths can occur from barb withdrawal?
5% death rate
46
most sought after
seconal and tunical
47
___ % pregnancies were barb exposed
10
48
rats exposed to barbs in early gest periods
abnormal neural and biochemical differentiation of the CNS, deficits in learning, delayed milestones, and alteration in behavioural and physiological sex differences
49
are drug exposed males less active in open field boxes than females?
- no they are more active than non-exposed females
| - preexposed rates similar to that of non-exposed females
50
Latency period for exposed male barb rats?
exposed M rodents exhibit shorter latency periods than male control and are not different from unexposed F
51
Disrupted sex behaviour in M rates
- loridosis - female sex position, fewer ejaculations etc.
52
Studies in babies born with barb moms in humans show
delayed puberty, undescended testies, cross gender identities, M AND F showed lower IQ
53
Methaquaalone (Quaalaude) original use
Malarial - noticed it produced heroin type experience,
54
in 1970 lude increased by
360%
55
lude PD and w.drawal symptoms
similar to barbs
56
death of celebs on ludes
elvis, jimi hendrix, guy from the stones
57
Propendiols OG use
to fight of anti-bacterial penacillin but provided a soothing effect - muscle relaxation from which could easily be aroused (good for anxiety and no side effects)
58
First propendiol produced
meph carbamate - rapidly metabolized and short lasting - not good for anxiety
59
meprobramate
- first durg to be associated with tranquilizer, ideal anxioltic, but high abuse potential - lethal dose was very high compared to TD (better than barbs)
60
Benz
primary anti-axiety, also used for sleep
61
first benz
librium (chlordiazepoxide)
62
most well known benz
diazapam (valium)
63
long lasting benz
long lasting metabolites (primary for diazapam is nordiazapam)
64
half life of noradiazapam
60 hours
65
intermediate benz
lorazapam, clonazepam, flunitztrapam (roofie)
66
short acting benz
midlazom, oxapam, alpazolan (xanax) - Hancion was used for sleep but people got mean
67
Are bens reinforcing?
not really
68
what happens when taken with alc or opiate? bens
heightens effects
69
XANAX is responsble for ___ benz visits to ER
1/3
70
Benz are considered ____ tranquilizers
minor
71
effect of bens
- reduced anxiety, sleep, anticulvulsaants, muscle relation
72
Does Benz interfear with learning and long term potentiation
yes
73
Neurochem effects of bens
- interfere with gaba via satellite receptors (endogenous)
74
Ben antagonist
fumazil - dont exert action
75
tolerence of BENZ
- develops rapidly for muscle relaxing, sedating, sleep infucing, and anticonvulsants -- slower for anxiolytic effects
76
Is there PD evidence and withdrawals?
YES, in animals and humans - withdrawal - tremor, hot food, walking ridgity (in animals), and increased neuronal excitation, seizures, heightened anxiety, numbess and tingling (in humans)
77
GHB
Xyrem, liquid E or easy lay, natures qualude, degreasing solv + floor striper + drain cleaner, mech action similar to benz, PD and withdeawal, DopA reward system
78
Types of Hallucinogens
- cholinergic
- seratagenic
- methylated amph, norA
- other
79
CHOL agonist hallucinogens
stim muscarinic cholinergenic receptors to increase chol NS
80
Amanita Muscaria
Fly argaric mushroom
81
Fly agaric mushroom
- red and white
- place in milk to kill flies
- vikings use - Beserkers
- consumed when others are scarce
- ibotonic acid and muscimole
- excreted and unchanged in urine - siberians
82
symptosm of FA mushroom
- humour, euphoria, detachment and unreality, increased power, agitation, trembling, cvisions of supernatural
- unpleasant = lacrimation, salvation, sweating, diarrhea, pains coma, and lungs can fill with liquid and death
83
Ibogaine
CHOL
- yellow root chew
- used by hunters to endure trecks and suppress appetites
- effects can last up to 30 hours
- sold in france for fatigue in 1960s
- alleviate repressed childhood memories
- heroine addict felt it was healing - gov didnt think so
84
Atropa Belladona
- purple flowers with black berries = deadly night shade
- atropine
- tomato potato family
- ATROPA - greek cut threat of life at time of persons death
- belladona - pretty with big pupils (put berry juice in eyes
85
Atropa B effects
- blocks receptors (CHOL) reduces neural activity, rapid HB, dilated puils, loss of balance, blurred vision, dry throat
- semi-awake dream like, weightlessness and flying,
86
Datura stamonium
- atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine
- similar to jimson weed
- witches
- leaves into cigars - sold for asthma
- purple and white flowers - devils trumpet
- low doses: euphoria, dream, amnesia (10-20 seeds)
- higher doses - unpleasant hallucinations, delirium, mental confusions (50)
87
Hebane
used in orgies
scopolamine and hyoscamine
hairy leaves
88
Manfragora officnarum
- hanged mans semen
- all 3
- looks like person, says plant shrieks when u pick it
- low doses = depressant and sedative
- higher doses = hallucinogens, delerium and all the affects from above
89
Seratonergic
typically produce hallucinogens
90
LSD
Hoffman who was studying vasoconstriction and muscle tone of uterus
91
Lyserigic acid from
ergot = parasit fungus on grains and wheat
92
HYMPHREY OSMOND
coined term psychadellic
93
LSD was used in
psychotherapy and interrogations
94
LSD IS a what schedule drug
1 meaning low medical use high abuse
95
PEAK OF LSD IN
1960s and 70s went from 1% of uni students to 20%
96
Street dose
50 micrograms
97
typical dose of peak period
200 micro
98
LSD oral ingestions
effectds: 60 min, peak: 90, duration 5-12 hours,
99
LSD first imapcts
SNS: tachycardia, increase BP and body temp, dilated pupils, increased salvation, analgesia
100
Sought out affects
1-2 hours post ingestions
101
Tolerance
- occurs rapidly to seratogeric and noradrenergic hallucinations
- PC
102
PD of LSD?
no evidence
103
does LSD do tetralogical damage?
no
104
Neurochemical actions of LSD
supress firing seratonin neurons in ralphe nuclei which affects to ARAS which filters sensory information - AGONISM at 5HT1
105
LAA
```
1/10 potency
found in ergot
HOLY FIRE/ST ANTHONYS FIRE
from ergot
vasocontstriction - russia and france
- tingling of skin, convulsion and disordered thinking
```
106
PSILOCYBIN
- HOFFMAN
- mushrooms
- 1000 BC
- onset: 30 mins, duration: 2-6 hours
- tolerance and cross tolerance
- find it better than LSD
107
Typtamine
occurs in plants, similar to tryptophan
108
DMT
- virola and piptadenia peregrina
- enthegeon (relgious and mystical purpose)
- red bark - snuff
- onset: 10 seconds, peak: 10-15 mins, duration: 60 minutes
- taken orally monoamine oxidase breaks it down but ingested with harmaline alkoids its fine
109
AYAHUASCA
most common drink with DMT
110
DMT has been used to help people with
PTSD
111
effects of DMT
nausea, excitability,numbness, twitch of face, hallucinations
112
Bufotine
plants, fish, toads, cyanosis - purple skin --> snuff
113
Phenethylamine: NE and meth amphetamines
- modifications of amphetamines which resemble NE - stimulant and hallucinogen products
114
Mescaline
- naturally occuring NE, peyote cactus
- carrot shaped root
- readily absorbed in digestive tract but doesnt pass BBB well
- 3mg/kg - euphoria and stim
- 5mg/kg - hallucinogen
- peak: 60 min, duration 4-16 hours (10 normally)
115
effects of mascaline
- coloured vision like klydoscope, with auditory, taste, olfactory and tactile hallucinations
- weightlessness, depersonalization and time perception alt
- naursea, vomitting, headaches, hangover
- tolerance occurs to psych effects
116
Hallucinogenic effects of phenethylamine from
5ht2
117
DOM/STP
- sereniyu, tranquility, peache, super terrific psych,
- app supressant
3-5 euphoria
10 hallucinogen
16-25 hours!!! - bad trips because long
118
MDA
metabolite of MDMA, accounts for its ffects
usual dose 80 mg - 160 lasting 8-12 hours
emotions and empathy with other people present
from sassafras tree - formerly used from production of root beer
used to be for app supressant, antidepressant and parkinsons
119
Myristicin and elemicin
- found in fruit myristica fragans
- nutmeg and mace
- people get sick and then are discouraged - weak ass effects
- tea - 1-2 TSP
2 hours lasting
120
MDMA founder
MERK 1914
121
MDMA OG USE
app supressant
122
Absorption of MDMA
effects: 1 hour, duration: 4-6 hours
dose: 50-200 mg
123
MDMA effects
positive, openness, serenity, caring, energy and at high dosed hallucinations
undesriable: jaw, sweat, vision, dry mouth, and thirst
- DEATH: high body temp and dehydration
124
PEAK USE
1980 becuase MDMA legal
125
MDMA causes release of
5HT and Da, blcoks reuptake of 5HT causes prolonged seratonin
126
extremely bad SE of MDMA
- neurotoxin in rates, reduced seratonin binding, more pronounced in women, learning and mem nerves dammaged,
127
Chronic use of MDMA causes
memory impairment, decision making deficits, loss of impulse control, panick attacks
128
MISC
PCP, KET, DEX, SALVIA, THUJONE
129
PCP and KET bind to what receptors
SIGMA OPIATE to produce hallucinations, glutamate antagonist increases DA in brain - rewarding
130
PCP
- phenocyclidine
- did not produce low BP (+) but undesirable hallucinations and seizures (-)
- can be added to MJ
- 1-10 mg = euphira, numbess (anasthesia), loss of motor control, catatonia, nystagmus to fixed doll stare, distortion of body parts, agressive
- 4-6 hour duration but can persist for days
- large doses - psychosis and convulsions
131
bad trips in PCP
80%
132
tolerance and PD of PCP
in lab animals w/drawal - tremours, oculomotor hyperactivity, fearfulness, convulsions
and been noted in humans
133
Ket
- snorted, smoked, oral, injection
- khole
- 2 hours
- model of schizo and psychosis
134
dextromethorphan
cough supressant
sigma opiate receptors and blocks glutamate
less potent to ket and pcp
135
robocopping, roboing, robotripping, chugtussin
street for dex
136
medical dose and abuse doses
- 15-30mg
- one bottle - 250 mg
- 200 mg - euphoric
- 400 intense euphoria, dysphoria, vivid imagination, hallucination (close eyed)
- 600 - strong alteration in conciousness, out o fbody experience, psychotic reactions
137
salvia
mint fam
schedule 4 drug - possession in moderate quantity is not prohibited by law
AGONISTIC KAPPA OPIOD
hallucinatory few mins of smoking or hour of oral
138
thujone
```
saje, wormwood
produce absinthe
GABA antagonist - increase neural activity - 5HT3 receptors
GREEN FAIRY
bev 50-75%
```
