Intravenous anaesthetics?
Propofol, thiopental, etomidate
Inhalation anaesthetics?
NO, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane
What drug blocks NMDA?
Ketamine
Treatment to episodic ataxia type 1
Acetazolamide- carbonic anhyrdrase inhibitor
Phenytonin- Na channel blocker
Carbamazpine- Na channel blocker
Treatment for episodic ataxia type 2
Carbonic anhydrace inhibitor
Anxiety treatment
Benzodiazepines- act to decrease excitatory input, thus increase GABA.
5HTIA
Epilepsy mutations
Nav 1.1/2, Kv7.1, GABAa, CaV, AchR, HCN
Allosteric GABAa
Agonist= diazepam Antagonist= Fluxazenill
Orthesteric GABAa
Agonist= Muscimol Antagonist= Bicucline
GABAb
Agonist=baclofen
Antagonist= phaclofen
Physiological affects of benzodiazepine?
Sedation, Hyponsis, anterograde amnesia, anti-convulsant, reduction in muscle tone
Adverse effects of Benzodiazepine?
Sleepiness, impaired physmotor function, tolerance decrease, missue, physical dependence
Characteristics of benzodiazepine in humans?
Short acing mainly used as sleeping tablets, metabolised to produce intermediates with long half life
Diazepam
Long half life. 20-40 years, generates active compound in 1st phase, treat anxiety=muscle relaxant.
Barbiutrates
Low conc= Positive allosteric modulator of GABA
Increase= increase in open time and cl current
High conc= Massive inhibition in brain activity and death
Benzodiazepine partial agonists
Less likely to have tolerance and dependency
Two ways to treat epilepsy
- Increase inhibitory neurotransmission- increases GABA activtity
- Decrease exitatory neurotransmission- decrease Glutamate activity
What treats absence seizures?
GABA pentin- binds to accessory subunit and interferes with trafficking of channel
Na channel blockers for epilsepy
Phenytonin- P complex and causes vertigo
Carbampezipine- most used drug, P microsomal enzymes
Lamotrigine- P nausea, dizziness and ataxia
New drug for epilepsy
Levetrication- targets proteins, work on the SV2A protein on synaptic vesicles containing glutamate. Interferes with release but the function is unsure of.
Ca channel blockers for epilepsy
T type ca channels can provide rising phase of AP
Ethasuximide= Inhibitor of t type ca channels
GABA protein= accessory subunit that controls trafficking
what was the first specific antidepressant?
Iproniaziol and it is a MAOi
Resperine
Depletes stores of MAO neurotransmitter via emptying vesicles
3 main classes of antidepressants
- MAO inhibitors
- classic tricylic antidepressants
- selective reuptake inhibitors
How do anti-depressants work?
Desensitizion of receptors. Cell uncouples receptor from g protein. Receptors usually work to keep cAMP low. cAMP increase when receptor decrease. Leads to activation of signalling cascade. PKA and creb (TF increase) BDNF increases.
Tryptochan precursor
Present in chocolate and rich food. Aids sleep and calmness. Linked to metabolism of melatonin.
Bipolar disorder treatments
- Lithium- Stops Na channels
- Antiepileptic drugs- Ca channel blockers
- ECT, EMT and deep brain stimulation.
ECT= ectroconvulsive therapy- efffective antidepressant, downregulates B receptors and upregulates 5HT2 receptor sites.
Extreme pain
Primary erythermalgia and perioxysmal extreme pain disorder
Analgestics
Non steriodal anti inflammatory drugs
Paracetamol
Opiods
4 classes of opiods
- Natural opiods- morphine
- Semi synthetic- heroin
- fully synthetic- fentanyl
- endogenous- endorphins
Receptors for natural opiods
Mv, keppa and delta
What can be used as treatment to schizophrenia?
Antagonists to the DA system
DA receptors
DA 1,3 and 5- excitatory, coupled to G proteins and increase cAMP
DA 2 and 4- inhibitory, coupled to Gi/Go proteins and decrease cAMP