Drugs

Question 1

Intravenous anaesthetics?

Answer 1

Propofol, thiopental, etomidate

Question 2

Inhalation anaesthetics?

Answer 2

NO, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane

Question 3

What drug blocks NMDA?

Answer 3

Ketamine

Question 4

Treatment to episodic ataxia type 1

Answer 4

Acetazolamide- carbonic anhyrdrase inhibitor
Phenytonin- Na channel blocker
Carbamazpine- Na channel blocker

Question 5

Treatment for episodic ataxia type 2

Answer 5

Carbonic anhydrace inhibitor

Question 6

Anxiety treatment

Answer 6

Benzodiazepines- act to decrease excitatory input, thus increase GABA.
5HTIA

Question 7

Epilepsy mutations

Answer 7

Nav 1.1/2, Kv7.1, GABAa, CaV, AchR, HCN

Question 8

Allosteric GABAa

Answer 8

Agonist= diazepam
Antagonist= Fluxazenill

Question 9

Orthesteric GABAa

Answer 9

Agonist= Muscimol
Antagonist= Bicucline

Question 10

GABAb

Answer 10

Agonist=baclofen

Antagonist= phaclofen

Question 11

Physiological affects of benzodiazepine?

Answer 11

Sedation, Hyponsis, anterograde amnesia, anti-convulsant, reduction in muscle tone

Question 12

Adverse effects of Benzodiazepine?

Answer 12

Sleepiness, impaired physmotor function, tolerance decrease, missue, physical dependence

Question 13

Characteristics of benzodiazepine in humans?

Answer 13

Short acing mainly used as sleeping tablets, metabolised to produce intermediates with long half life

Question 14

Diazepam

Answer 14

Long half life. 20-40 years, generates active compound in 1st phase, treat anxiety=muscle relaxant.

Question 15

Barbiutrates

Answer 15

Low conc= Positive allosteric modulator of GABA
Increase= increase in open time and cl current
High conc= Massive inhibition in brain activity and death

Question 16

Benzodiazepine partial agonists

Answer 16

Less likely to have tolerance and dependency

Question 17

Two ways to treat epilepsy

Answer 17

1. Increase inhibitory neurotransmission- increases GABA activtity
2. Decrease exitatory neurotransmission- decrease Glutamate activity

Question 18

What treats absence seizures?

Answer 18

GABA pentin- binds to accessory subunit and interferes with trafficking of channel

Question 19

Na channel blockers for epilsepy

Answer 19

Phenytonin- P complex and causes vertigo
Carbampezipine- most used drug, P microsomal enzymes
Lamotrigine- P nausea, dizziness and ataxia

Question 20

New drug for epilepsy

Answer 20

Levetrication- targets proteins, work on the SV2A protein on synaptic vesicles containing glutamate. Interferes with release but the function is unsure of.

Question 21

Ca channel blockers for epilepsy

Answer 21

T type ca channels can provide rising phase of AP
Ethasuximide= Inhibitor of t type ca channels
GABA protein= accessory subunit that controls trafficking

Question 22

what was the first specific antidepressant?

Answer 22

Iproniaziol and it is a MAOi

Question 23

Resperine

Answer 23

Depletes stores of MAO neurotransmitter via emptying vesicles

Question 24

3 main classes of antidepressants

Answer 24

1. MAO inhibitors
2. classic tricylic antidepressants
3. selective reuptake inhibitors

Question 25

How do anti-depressants work?

Answer 25

Desensitizion of receptors. Cell uncouples receptor from g protein. Receptors usually work to keep cAMP low. cAMP increase when receptor decrease. Leads to activation of signalling cascade. PKA and creb (TF increase) BDNF increases.

Question 26

Tryptochan precursor

Answer 26

Present in chocolate and rich food. Aids sleep and calmness. Linked to metabolism of melatonin.

Question 27

Bipolar disorder treatments

Answer 27

1. Lithium- Stops Na channels 2. Antiepileptic drugs- Ca channel blockers 3. ECT, EMT and deep brain stimulation. ECT= ectroconvulsive therapy- efffective antidepressant, downregulates B receptors and upregulates 5HT2 receptor sites.

Question 28

Extreme pain

Answer 28

Primary erythermalgia and perioxysmal extreme pain disorder

Question 29

Analgestics

Answer 29

Non steriodal anti inflammatory drugs Paracetamol Opiods

Question 30

4 classes of opiods

Answer 30

1. Natural opiods- morphine 2. Semi synthetic- heroin 3. fully synthetic- fentanyl 4. endogenous- endorphins

Question 31

Receptors for natural opiods

Answer 31

Mv, keppa and delta

Question 32

What can be used as treatment to schizophrenia?

Answer 32

Antagonists to the DA system

Question 33

DA receptors

Answer 33

DA 1,3 and 5- excitatory, coupled to G proteins and increase cAMP DA 2 and 4- inhibitory, coupled to Gi/Go proteins and decrease cAMP