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Fundamentals of Pharmacology > DRUGS > Flashcards

DRUGS Flashcards

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1
Q

DRUG: Morphine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

INDICATIONS: Moderate-severe pain

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2
Q

DRUG: Fluticasone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Reduce airway inflammation and bronchial hyper reactivity

INDICATIONS: Maintenance treatment of asthma

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3
Q

DRUG: Codeine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain

Prodrug, oxidised to morphine by CYP2D6

INDICATIONS: Mild-moderate pain, Cough suppression

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4
Q

DRUG: Aspirin

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting COX, reducing the synthesis of thromboxane A2

INDICATIONS:

ACS

History of Symptomatic Atherosclerosis

Analgesia

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5
Q

DRUG: N-acetylcysteine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

A

MOA: Precursor for glutathione synthesis; glutathione and acetylcysteine bind to reactive metabolite of paracetamol

INDICATIONS: Paracetamol overdose/hepatotoxicity

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6
Q

DRUG: Pilocarpine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA:

Cholinergic effect contracts:

iris sphincter causing miosis and ciliary muscle

INDICATIONS: Chronic open-angle glaucoma

SIDE EFFECTS:

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urinary Incontinence
Diarrhoea
GI Cramps
Emesis

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7
Q

DRUG: Neostigmine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit AChE and reduce breakdown of neuronally released ACh; enhance neuromuscular transmission in skeletal and smooth muscles

INDICATIONS: Myasthenia gravis

SIDE EFFECTS:

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urinary Incontinence
Diarrhoea
GI Cramps
Emesis

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8
Q

DRUG: Atropine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Reversibly block ACh receptors on iris sphincter and ciliary muscle

INDICATIONS: Mydriasis, Cycloplegia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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9
Q

DRUG: Hyoscine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Smooth muscle relaxant; reduces GI motility and spasm

INDICATIONS: GI spasm, motion sickness

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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10
Q

DRUG: Benztropine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Selective M1 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist. Inhibits uptake of dopamine

INDICATIONS: Parkinson’s disease, Dystonia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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11
Q

DRUG: Ipratropium

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of ACh

INDICATIONS: Symptom relief of asthma and COPD

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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12
Q

DRUG: Pancuronium (ND)

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: ACh receptor antagonists, prevent depolarisation of the muscle membrane

INDICATIONS: Skeletal muscle relaxation in anaesthesia and intensive care

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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13
Q

DRUG: Suxamethonium

(D)

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: mimics ACh; acts at ACh receptor, depolarising the motor end plate

INDICATIONS: Skeletal muscle relaxation in anaesthesia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Dry Mouth

Blurred Vision

Constipation

Drowsiness

Poor memories

Anisocoria

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14
Q

DRUG: Phenylephrine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Stimulate A1 receptors to constrict SMC

INDICATIONS: Nasal congestion

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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15
Q

DRUG: Clonidine/Methyldopa

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Stimulate A2 receptors

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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16
Q

DRUG: Salbutamol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Short-acting B2 adrenergic receptor agonist

INDICATIONS: Asthma

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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17
Q

DRUG: Oxymetazoline

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Non-selectively agonises A1 and A2 adrenergic receptors resulting in vasoconstriction

INDICATIONS: Nasal congestion

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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18
Q

DRUG: Isopretenerol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Non-selective B1 and B2 adrenoreceptor agonist - structurally similar to A

INDICATIONS: Bradycardia

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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19
Q

DRUG: Pseudoephedrine

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Act on alpha adrenoreceptors on vascular smooth muscle in the respiratory tract, producing vasoconstriction of dilated nasal vessels

INDICATIONS: Nasal congestion

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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20
Q

DRUG: Selegiline

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit the action of MAO-B preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters – inhibits DA metabolism

INDICATIONS: Parkinson’s

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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21
Q

DRUG: Entecapone

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Inhibit the action of COMT which is involved in the degradation of neurotransmitters – inhibits DA metabolism

INDICATIONS: Parkinson’s

SIDE EFFECTS:

Effects Sympathetic Activation

  • Increased heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Radial muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Vasodilation
  • Relaxation of detrusor
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22
Q

DRUG: Alfazosin

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: A1 blocking agent that exhibits selectivity for A1 adrenergic receptors in the lower urinary tract leading to the relaxation of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and prostate

INDICATIONS: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

SIDE EFFECTS:

  • Postural hypotension
  • Reflex Tachycardia
  • Salt and water retention
  • Miosis
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23
Q

DRUG: Prazosin

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: A1 receptor blocker preventing the action of NA on smooth muscle

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

SIDE EFFECTS:

  • Postural hypotension
  • Reflex Tachycardia
  • Salt and water retention
  • Miosis
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24
Q

DRUG: Metoprolol

MOA:

INDICATIONS:

SIDE EFFECTS:

A

MOA: Selective B1 receptor antagonists

INDICATIONS: Hypertension

SIDE EFFECTS: Dizziness, light-headedness, fatigue

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25
**DRUG:** Frusemide ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Inhibit co-transport of Na+/K+/Cl2- by probably binding to the Cl- site. Decrease reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- whose urinary elimination increases **INDICATIONS:** Hypertension Fluid overload/oedema **SIDE EFFECTS:** Hyponatremia, dehydration, hypokalaemia
26
**DRUG:** Hydrochlorothiazide **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Inhibit the co-transport of Cl-/Na+ in the initial part of the distal tubule. Decrease the potassium concentration **INDICATIONS:** Hypertension
27
**DRUG:** Spironolactone **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Reduce K+ loss by inhibiting Na+/K+ pump expression. Used in combination w/ thiazide diuretics to restrict K+ loss **INDICATIONS:** Hypertension
28
**DRUG:** Metoprolol ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Decrease arterial blood pressure by reducing cardiac output. Inhibit the release of renin from the kidneys **INDICATIONS:** Hypertension **SIDE EFFECTS:** Cold hands and feet, swollen ankles, bradycardia, difficulty breathing, joint pain, hallucination, lethargy, impotence
29
**DRUG:** Amlodipine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Work by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels Used to reduce systemic vascular resistance and thus arterial pressure **INDICATIONS:** Angina Some types of abnormal heart rhythms
30
**DRUG:** PHENYLALKYLAMINE CCBS: Verapamil **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Work by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels. Selective for myocardium **INDICATIONS:** Angina Some types of abnormal heart rhythms
31
**DRUG:** BENZOTHIAZEPINE CCBS: Diltiazem **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Work by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels. Intermediate class in terms of their selectivity (both heart & vasculature) **INDICATIONS:** Angina Some types of abnormal heart rhythms
32
**DRUG:** Ramipril ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Competitive inhibitors of the ACE affecting RAAS Decreases ATII therefore blood vessels dilate and BP is reduced **INDICATIONS:** Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure **SIDE EFFECTS:** Hypotension, cough, headache, fatigue, nausea, hyperkalaemia
33
**DRUG:** Irbesartan **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Block the action of ATII by preventing its binding to receptors on blood vessels causing blood vessels to dilate and blood pressure is reduced **INDICATIONS:** Controlling high BP Heart failure Preventing kidney failure Arrhythmia
34
**DRUG:** Clonidine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Lower blood pressure by stimulating A2 receptors in brain to indirectly relax peripheral arteries easing blood flow **INDICATIONS:** Prescribed when all other anti-hypertensives have failed
35
**DRUG:** Methyldopa **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Lower blood pressure by stimulating A2 receptors in brain to indirectly relax peripheral arteries easing blood flow **INDICATIONS:** Hypertension during pregnancy
36
**DRUG:** Hydrocortisone ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in: * Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses * Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss **INDICATIONS:** Glucocorticoid deficiency **SIDE EFFECTS:** Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention
37
**DRUG:** Prednisolone ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in: * Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses * Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss **INDICATIONS:** Intermediate acting anti-inflammatory **SIDE EFFECTS:** Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention
38
**DRUG:** Dexamethasone ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in: * Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses * Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss **INDICATIONS:** Long acting anti-inflammatory **SIDE EFFECTS:** Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention
39
**DRUG:** Fludrocortisone ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Corticosteroids regulate gene expression, which results in: * Glucocorticoid effects, eg gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis, suppression of inflammation and immune responses * Mineralocorticoid effects, eg hypertension, sodium and water retention, potassium loss **INDICATIONS:** Mineralocorticoid deficiency **SIDE EFFECTS:** Suppression of HPA, Cushing’s (Glucocorticoid excess), Impaired wound healing, increased acid and pepsin secretion, osteoporosis, fluid retention
40
**DRUG:** Morphine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain **INDICATIONS:** Moderate-severe pain
41
**DRUG:** Codeine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain **INDICATIONS:** Mild-moderate pain
42
**DRUG:** Fentanyl **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain **INDICATIONS:** IV or SC for acute pain Transdermal patch for chronic pain Lozenges for breakthrough pain in patients maintained on opioids
43
**DRUG:** Methadone **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Act on mainly mu-opioid receptors in the CNS, reducing transmission of the pain impulse and by modulating the descending inhibitory pathways from the brain **INDICATIONS:** Opioid dependence
44
**DRUG:** Heroin **MOA:**
**MOA:** Mu-opioid agonist Prodrug: converted to morphine More hydrophobic than morphine, crosses BBB better and twice potency
45
**DRUG:** Buprenorphine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Partial mu-opioid receptor agonist **INDICATIONS:** Moderate-severe pain
46
**DRUG:** Naloxone **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Pure antagonist of morphine at the mu receptor **INDICATIONS:** Used to counter the effects of opioid overdose
47
**DRUG:** Naltrexone **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Block mu receptor and has k agonistic activity **INDICATIONS:** Used to treat alcohol dependence
48
**DRUG:** Loperamide **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Opioid receptor agonist and acts on mu-opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines **INDICATIONS:** Diarrhoea treatment
49
**DRUG:** Methotrexate ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Folic Acid Antagonist Inhibits DHFR Decreases circulating purine and pyrimidine and their availability for DNA and RNA synthesis, which may affect immune cell proliferation and protein (cytokine) expression **INDICATIONS:** RA
50
**DRUG:** Rituximab **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Depletes B lymphocytes; may suppress inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis by reducing B lymphocyte-induced T cell activation and resulting cytokine production **INDICATIONS:** RA
51
**DRUG:** Leflunomide **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Competitive inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase * Reduces lymphocyte proliferation * Specific for activated T-lymphocytes * Decreases pyrimidine synthesis **INDICATIONS:** RA
52
**DRUG:** Adalimumab, Etanercept **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Bind to TNF alpha and inhibit its activity TNF alpha is a cytokine involved in inflammatory and immune responses and in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis **INDICATIONS:** RA
53
**DRUG:** Hydroxychloroquine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Mechanism of action in rheumatoid arthritis is unclear; it inhibits collagen formation and reduces rheumatoid factor and circulating immune complex concentrations in blood and synovial fluid **INDICATIONS:** RA
54
**DRUG:** Sulphasalazine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant Prodrug **INDICATIONS:** RA
55
**DRUG:** Allopurinol **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Inhibit xanthine oxidase which reduces production of uric acid **INDICATIONS:** Chronic and Acute Gout
56
**DRUG:** Colchicine ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**DRUG:** Colchicine **MOA:** Destabilise microtubules and hinder their polymerisation affecting immune cells division and movement **INDICATIONS:** Chronic and Acute Gout
57
**DRUG:** Probenecid **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Inhibits the tubular reabsorption of urate – increasing the urinary excretion of uric acid and decreasing soluble urate levels **INDICATIONS:** Chronic and Acute Gout
58
**DRUG:** SHORT ACTING: Salbutamol **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating B2-adrenergic receptors **INDICATIONS:** Symptomatic relief during maintenance treatment of asthma and COPD Rapid onset, short duration of action
59
**DRUG:** LONG ACTING: Salmeterol **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating B2-adrenergic receptors **INDICATIONS:** Maintenance of asthma in patients receiving inhaled or oral corticosteroids Maintenance treatment of COPD
60
**DRUG:** Theophylline ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Inhibition of PDE and block adenosine A1 receptor Both actions increase cAMP = SMC relaxation **INDICATIONS:** Anti-inflammatory Weak bronchodilators **SIDE EFFECTS:** GORD
61
**DRUG:** Sodium cromoglycate **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Stabilises mast cell membrane inhibiting degranulation by blocking specific calcium channels on mast cells **INDICATIONS:** Allergic asthma
62
**DRUG:** Monteleukast ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Inhibit the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor Antagonise airway smooth muscle contraction and inflammation caused by leukotrienes **INDICATIONS:** Maintenance treatment of asthma Allergic rhinitis **SIDE EFFECTS:** Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea
63
**DRUG:** SHORT ACTING: Ipratropium ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine **INDICATIONS:** Maintenance treatment in COPD and severe asthma **SIDE EFFECTS:** Dry mouth, throat irritation
64
**DRUG:** LONG ACTING: Tiotropium ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Promote bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone. They block muscarinic actions of acetylcholine **INDICATIONS:** COPD Maintenance treatment of asthma in patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting B2 agonist **SIDE EFFECTS:** Dry mouth, throat irritation
65
**DRUG:** Omalizumab **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody directed against IgE; reduces the immune system’s response to allergen exposure **INDICATIONS:** Moderate allergic asthma in \>12 yrs being treated with inhaled corticosteroids and who have increase IgE
66
**DRUG:** Fluticasone, Prednisolone ## Footnote **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:** **SIDE EFFECTS:**
**MOA:** Reduce bronchial mucosal inflammation and consequently bronchial hyperactivity **INDICATIONS:** Maintenance therapy of persistent asthma **SIDE EFFECTS:** Dysphonia, oropheryngeal candidiasis, bruising, facial skin irritation follow nebulisation
67
**DRUG:** Promethazine, Fexofenadine **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Reduce the effects of histamine by binding to the H1 receptor and stabilising it in an inactive form **INDICATIONS:** Allergic Rhinitis
68
**DRUG:** Rhinocort (Budesonide) **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Produce local anti-inflammatory effects, decrease capillary permeability and mucus production, and produce vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa **INDICATIONS:** Allergic Rhinitis
69
**DRUG:** Oxymetazoline **MOA:** **INDICATIONS:**
**MOA:** Produce vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa; decrease nasal blood flow and congestion **INDICATIONS:** Relief of nasal congestion associated with rhinitis, common cold, sinusitis
70
Opioid Side Effects
**Acute ADRs:** * respiratory depression (overdose, lung nerves) * Sedation (overdose, CNS effect) * Nausea/vomiting (GI nerves blocking) **Chronic ADRs:** * Constipation (GI nerves blocking) * Endocrine effects (hormonal changes) * Osteoporosis (hormonal changes)

Fundamentals of Pharmacology (21 decks)

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