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Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the spectrum of chloramphenicol?

A

Board: Gram +, Gram -, anaerobes

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2
Q

Name an alpha 2 receptor antagonist.

A

Atipamezole

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3
Q

What is the MOA of cephalopsorins?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

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4
Q

What is the MOA of ketoconazole?

A

Imidazole
Fungistatic
Inhibitis P450 = Decreased ergosterol synthesis = decreased fungal cell growth
Malassesize and dermatophytes

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5
Q

What is the MOA of metaclopramide?

A

Dopamine (D2) antagonist
Serotonin 5HT4 agonist
Increased GES tone, increased stomach emptying and increased motility in proximal SI

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6
Q

What is the MOA of fluoroquinolones?

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase)

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7
Q

What are the common SE of digoxin?

A

GI (vomiting and anorexia) and Arryhthmias (ventricular bigeminy)

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8
Q

What is the MOA of dobutamine?

A

B1 adrenergic effects, Potent + inotrope = Activates adenyly cyclase and cAMP production

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9
Q

Name a gastroprotectant and how it works?

A

Sucralfate - Dissociated to Al(OH)3 + sucrose octasulfate = Binds to ulcerated tissue and inhibits pepsin, stimulates local PG synthesis

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10
Q

What is the MOA of ondansetron and where does it work?

A

Blocks 5-HT3 receptors
Cats - Vomiting Center in brain (central)
Dogs - GIT (peripheral)

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11
Q

What are heparin be reversed with?

A

Protamine

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12
Q

What is the MOA of furosemide?

A

Loop diuretic - Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter on thick ascending loop of Henle
= Loss of K+ Mg+ and C2+

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13
Q

Which diuretic can result in facial excoritation in 30% of cats?

A

Spironolactone

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14
Q

Which diuretic works in proximal tubule?

A

Carbonic anhydase inhibitor

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15
Q

In regards to Ca channel blockers what is the difference btwn DHPs and nonDHPs?

A

NonDHPs (Dilitazem) = Greater effect on nodal tissue and mycoardium
DHP (amlodipine) = Strong selectivity for vascular smooth muscle

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16
Q

Which antiemetic is preferred for renal failure in dogs?

A

Metoclopramide

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17
Q

Why is dobutamine effective for hours to days?

A

Downregulation of adrenergic receptors (B1)

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18
Q

What is the bracking effect of diuretics?

A

Decreased diuretic effect due to RASS activation

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19
Q

What is the MOA of low molecular weight heparin?

A

Shorter molecules - don’t bind thrombin

Inhibit Factor Xa

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20
Q

What are Class III antiarrhythmics?

A

K channel blockers = Sotalol, amiodarone

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21
Q

What is a thiazide diuretic and what is its MOA?

A

hydrochlorothiazide = Inhibits Na+/Cl- cotransporter in distal convoluted tubule
Enhance Ca2+ resorption

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22
Q

What receptors are located in the vestibular apparatus?

A

M
Cats - goes to vomiting center
Dogs = goes to CRTZ
Triggers by motion sickness

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23
Q

What is diuretic tolerance?

A

Increased Na absoprtion due to hypertrophy of distal nephron

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24
Q

What antiemetic can be used in many and varied used in dogs and cats?

A

Maropitant

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25
What is chlorpheniramine?
Antihistamine
26
What is an example of a synthetic prostaglandin?
Misoprostol
27
What type of abx is cefovecin (Convenia)?
3rd generation cephalosporin
28
What are Class I antiarrhythmics?
Na Blockers Quinidine, procainamide (shortens AP duration) Lidocaine/mexilitine (prolongs AP duration)
29
What are in the inputs to the CRTZ?
Located in floor of 4th ventricle (area postrema) | Blood = Xylazine (Cat), apomorphine (dog), toxins, uremia, drugs
30
What is the MOA of fenbendazole?
Binds to nematode dimeric tubulin = Prevents cell divison = death
31
What are the main inputs to the vomiting center in the reticular formation in brain?
Cerebral cortex (anxiety, fear, etc) Vestibular Apparatus (CATS ONLY) GIT (vagus and sympatetic nn) Chemoreceptor trigger zone (blood)
32
Name a 5-HT3 antagonist.
Ondansetron, Dolasetron
33
Which diuretic works in distal tubule?
Thiazides
34
Which antiemetic is a VERY effective centrally acting antiemetic in BOTH cats and dogs?
Chlorpromazine
35
Name an antifungal that can cross the BBB/B-CSF Barrier?
Fluconazole
36
Which ABX can cross blood -prostate barrier?
TMS, fluoroquinolones
37
What antiemetic is NOT good in cats for anti-vomiting but can be used to promote gastric motility in cats?
Metoclopramide
38
What is the MOA of terbinafine?
Allylamine antifungal Fungicidal Decreased ergosterol synthesis in cell membrane
39
Which heartworm medication can be used as microfilaridicide?
Milbemycin
40
What should be monitored with warfarin?
PT and INR
41
What is the difference btwn the different generations of cephalosporins?
Increased activity against Gram -, same Gram + coverage in all
42
What receptors are in the GIT?
NK1 and 5-HT3
43
What electrolytes are lost with loop diuretics?
Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, H
44
What is the MOA of fluconazole?
Triazole Fungistatic Inhibits P450 = Decreased ergosterol synthesis = decreased fungal cell growth
45
Which ACEi are prodrugs?
Enalapril and benazepril (Class 2)
46
What is the MOA of macrolides?
Binds to 50S ribosome = Blocks protein synthesis by interfering with peptidyltransferase Tylosin (narrow spectrum) Azithromycin Clarithromycin
47
Which diuretic works in collecting ducts?
K+ sparing = Spironolactone
48
What is the MOA of metronidazole?
Intermediate product injures DNA = Kills organism
49
Which ABX can cross BBB/blood-CSF barrier?
Metronidazole, fluoroquinolones, chlormaphenicol, Trimethoprim
50
What is the MOA of lincosamides, name an example?
Binds to 50S ribosome = Blocks protein synthesis by interfering with peptidyltransferase Clindamycin (narrow spectrum = G+, Mycoplasma, anaerobes)
51
What is the MOA of vancomycin?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
52
What is MOA of hydromorphone in dogs?
H1 receptor agonist = Pro-emetic in dog
53
Name a H1 antagonist.
Diphenydramine | Meclizine
54
What are Class IV antiarrhythmics?
Ca channel blockers Amlodipine (DHPs) Diltiazem (non-DHPs)
55
Which drugs are bactericidal and time dependent?
Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems TMS
56
Which abx is good for Mycoplasma?
Doxycycline (tetracycline)
57
What electrolyte abnormality can increased digoxin effects?
Hypokalemia
58
What is the MOA of clavamox?
Penicillin + Beta-lactamase inhibitor = Expends spectrum anaerobes
59
What is the MOA of ACEi?
Blocks conversion of ATI into ATII
60
What is the MOA of mitotane?
Selective destruction of zona fasiculata and reticularis
61
What is amiloride and triameterene?
K+ sparing diuretics Act in DCT and CD Block Na-H exchanger
62
What is the MOA of theophylline?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor = increased cAMP = bronchial dilation
63
What is the MOA of praziquantel?
Anticestodal/Antitrematodal | Related to increased Ca2+ flux
64
Name an alpha 2 receptor agonist.
Medetomidine
65
What is the MOA of ivermectin?
GABA agonist = Paralysis of parasite
66
What is the MOA of pyrantel and its spectrum?
Nicotinic agonist = MM constraction, tonic paralysis | Hooks and ascarids
67
Which abx classes inhibit protein synthesis?
``` Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides Lincosamide ```
68
What 3 receptors are found in the vomiting center in the brain?
5-HT3, a2, NK1 | Reticular formation
69
What is the MOA of tetracyclines?
Binds to 30S ribsome = Blocks tRNA from binding to mRNA = Inhibits protein synthesis
70
Which Abx are bacteriostatic and time dependent?
Tetracycline Chloramphenicol Macrolides Lincosamides
71
Which diuretic works in loop of Henle?
Loop diuretic - Lasix
72
What is the MOA of cisapride?
Serotonin 5HT4 agonist | Prokinetic ENTIRE GIT
73
What is the MOA of xylazine?
a2 receptor agonist = Pro-emetic in cat
74
Name an NK1 antagonist.
Maropitant
75
What is the MOA of itrazconazole?
Triazole Fungistatic Inhibits P450 = Decreased ergosterol synthesis = decreased fungal cell growth Blast, Coccidioides, Histo
76
In dogs where does the output from the vestibular system go?
to the CRTZ
77
Which spp is fenbendazole not approved for?
Cats - Can't conjugate it
78
Name 2 selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Deracoxib and Firocoxib
79
What are platelets not affected by COX2 inhibitors?
TxA2 is entirely COX1 mediated in platelets
80
What is the MOA of sotalol?
K channel blocker and Nonspecific B blocker
81
Name a CA Inhibitor and its MOA?
Acetazolamide - Blocks reabsoprtion of NaHCO3 = Not used as diuretic
82
What is a K+ sparing diuretic and what is the MOA?
Spironolactone = Blocks aldosterone in late distal tubule and collecting ducts = Na+ loss and K+ not secreted
83
What is the MOA of apomorphine?
D2 receptor agonist = Pro-emetic in dog
84
What is the MOA of heparin?
Binds to antithrombin III | Long molecule that can form complexed with thrombin (FII), IX, X, XI, XII)
85
What is an example of first generation cephalosporin?
Cephalexin = Great vs Gram+, less Gram -
86
What is the MOA of diphenhydramine and where does it work?
Blocks H1 receptor | Within CRTZ
87
If you see ventricular bigeminy, what toxocity should you think ok?
Digoxin
88
Name an alpha 1 receptor antagonist.
Prazosin
89
What is the mechanism of aspirin?
Irreversibly acetylates PLT COX 1>>>>COX 2 = Decreased prostaglandins and TXA2 Last lifespan of platelet (8-10days)
90
What is the MOA of warfarin?
Antagonists of Vitmain K (blocks F 2, 7, 9. 10)
91
Which NSAIDS are relatively selective for COX2 inhibition?
Meloxicam, carprofen
92
Name an alpha 1 receptor agonist.
Phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine
93
What is the MOA of TMS?
Inhibitor of metabolism
94
What is the MOA of clopidogrel?
Irreversibly inhibits PLT ADP receptor (P2Y12) and prevents activation of GPIIb/IIIa receptor Last lifespan of platelet (8-10 days)
95
Which organisms are inherently resistance to gentamicin?
Anaerobes - O2 required for transport into cell
96
What is the MOA of aminoglycosides?
Inhibit 20S ribosomal subunit irreversibly = Misreading mRNA | Genatmicin
97
What are Class II antiarrhythmics?
Beta Blockers Selective B1 blocker = Esmolol, atenolol Nonspecific B1/B2 = Propanolol, sotalol
98
What is the MOA of trilostane?
3B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor = inhibits steroid synthesis
99
What is the MOA of digoxin?
Positive inotrope by increasing intraceullar Ca2+ | Competitively binds to Na-K ATPase pump - Na/C2+ exchanger pumps Na out for Ca2+
100
Which abx are bactericidal and concentration dependent?
Aminoglycosides | Fluoroquinolones
101
Name an H1 antagonists.
Diphenhydramine
102
What is the MOA of sildenafil?
PDE V inhibitor = Catalyzes breakdown of cGMP | Preferential vasodilation of pulmonary vasculature and corpus cavernosum
103
What is the MOA of chlorpromazine and where does it work?
Blocks a2 receptors in CRTZ and Vomiting center in dogs and cats
104
Which diuretic may help to decreased myocardial remodeling?
Spironolactone
105
Which ABX can cross blood -bronchus barrier?
Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, marcolides, chloramphenicol
106
What abx classes inhibit cell wall synthesis?
Beta Lactams: Penicillins, Cephalosporines, Carbapenems, vancomycin
107
What is the effect of ACEi on arterioles in kidney?
Preferential diltation of efferent arteriole
108
What should be monitored with LMWH tx?
Anti-Xa levels
109
What antiemetic can be used for primary intestinal disease in BOTH dogs and cats?
Ondansetron, Dolasetron
110
What is the MOA of amphotericin?
Fungicidal Binds sterols in fungal cell membrane = Poke holes = More permable Blasto, Histo, Crypto, Coccidioides, Candida, Asper, Leisgmania
111
What antiemetic is good for motion sickness in dogs?
Maropitant | Diphenhydramine
112
What is the MOA of maropitant and where does it work?
NK1 receptor blocker | Works in vomiting center, GIT (peripheral), CRTZ
113
What is the MOA of calcium channel blockers?
Block L-type Ca channels only
114
Which factor has the shortest T1/2?
Factor 7 (2-7 hrs)
115
Name a D2 antagonist.
Metoclopramide
116
What is the difference btwn COX1 and COX2?
COX 1: Constituitively expressed = Make PGs = Cytoprotective to GIT (Decreased acid production and increased mucous production) COX 2 - Induced by inflammatory medators = Make PGs = Exert proinflammatory effects
117
What is an example of a 3rd generation cephalosporin?
Cefpodoxime (Simplicef) = Good for Staph | Poor for Pseudmonas and Enterococcus
118
What is the spectrum of fenbendazole in dogs/cats?
Hooks, ascarids, whips, tapeworms
119
What receptors are located in the abdominal viscera and what do they respond to?
NK1, 5-HT3 | Inflammation, infection, malignancy, chemo, distension
120
Does pimobendan increased intracellular Ca2+?
NO! Just increases sensitivity to existing Ca2+
121
Which abx can be used for intracellular organisms (Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Mycobacterium)?
Tetracycline Macrolides Fluoroquinolone Chloramphenico
122
What is the MOA of pimobendan?
Balanced inodilator | Increased sensitivity of contraction apparatus (troponin) to existing Ca2+ AND PDE III inhibitor
123
What is the MOA of Beta-Lactam and name a few examples?
Disrupts cell wall synthesis (Gram +>>>Gram-) | Penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin
124
Which organism are cephalosporins poor at?
Pseudomonas
125
What is the MOA of erythromycin for motility?
Motilin-like action (increased gastric emptying)
126
What is the MOA of metoclopramide and where does it work?
D2 receptor blocker | CRTZ of dog only!
127
What is the MOA of chloramphenicol?
Binds to 50S ribosome = Protein synthesis inhibitor
128
What diuretic has a strong effects in the thick, ascending loop of Henle?
Loop diuretics 0 Furosemide, torsemide, bumetanide
129
What 6 receptors are located in the chemoreceptor Trigger Zone?
D2, a2, NK1, H1, 5-HT3, ENK
130
What can you monitor with heparin tx?
aPTT or antiXa

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