Drugs

Question 1

What are GSL drugs and example

Answer 1

General sales list

Paracetamol

Question 2

What are p drugs

Answer 2

Pharmacy drugs

Sold behind the counter

Question 3

What are POM drugs

Answer 3

Prescription only medicine

Issued by nurse or gp

Question 4

What are controlled drugs

Answer 4

Locked away drugs eg morphine

Question 5

How are paramedics responsible

Answer 5

Legally, ethically and morally

Question 6

Define indication

Answer 6

A symptom that suggests certain medical treatment is necessary

Question 7

Define absolute contradiction

Answer 7

That event or substance could cause a life threatening situation

Question 8

Define relative contradictions

Answer 8

Caution should be used when two drugs or procedures are used together

Question 9

Define route

Answer 9

A path by which a drug or other substance is taken into the body

Question 10

Define dose

Answer 10

Quantity to be administrated at one time of a specific drug

Question 11

Define interactions

Answer 11

A reaction between two or more drugs or between a drug and food

Question 12

Define therapeutic effects

Answer 12

The response after treatment of any kind, results then judged

Question 13

Define side effects

Answer 13

An effect that is secondary to the intended effect

Question 14

Define cumulative effect

Answer 14

When repeated administration of a drug produced a more pronounced effect

Question 15

Define tolerance

Answer 15

The capacity of the body to endure or become less responsive to a substance

Question 16

Define cross tolerance

Answer 16

Occurs when tolerance to one drug cause tolerance to another drug in the body

Question 17

Define allergy (allergic reaction)

Answer 17

An allergy is a chronic condition where there is an abnormal reaction to a harmless substance

Question 18

Define idiosyncrasy

Answer 18

An abnormal reaction to a drug

Question 19

Define tachyphlaxis

Answer 19

An acute sudden decrease in responsive to a drug after it has been taken

Question 20

Define dependence

Answer 20

The state of needing something eg a drug

Question 21

Define pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

The study of bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. How organism affects a drug.

Question 22

Define pharmacodynamics

Answer 22

The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs. How drugs affect an organism

Question 23

Define agonism

Answer 23

When receptor and drug combine activating the response

Question 24

Define antagonism

Answer 24

Blocks the receptor so opposing a physiological action

Question 25

Define half life

Answer 25

Time it takes for the total amount of drug in the body to be reduced by 50%

Question 26

Define therapeutic index

Answer 26

A ratio that compares the blood concentration at which it becomes toxic and the concentration at which the drug is effective

Question 27

Define summation

Answer 27

Cumulative action, sequence of stimuli are individually inadequate but when together are efficient to produce a response

Question 28

Define synergism

Answer 28

Interactions of drugs so total effect is greater than the individual effect of each drug

Question 29

Define potentation

Answer 29

How a singular substance may act in a synergy relationship

Question 30

Points to remember with paediatric drug reactions

Answer 30

- Effects can be unpredictable in infants. -Drug dose is weight related - less effective blood brain barrier - slower drug clearance

Question 31

Points to remember with older patients

Answer 31

- Causes of non concordance because don’t always comply with what they are taking - Absorption is delayed due to reduced blood flow to the gut - Distribution is altered due to reduction in lean body mass - excretion is increased due to renal function declining

Question 32

What is poly pharmacy

Answer 32

Is the concurrent use of multiple medication mainly affecting the elderly and intellectually disabled patients

Question 33

What are 5 clear stages of poly pharmacy

Answer 33

1. Prescribing and risk assessment 2. Medication review 3. Dispensing and administration 4. Communication and patient engagement 5. Medication reconciliation

Question 34

6 rights of drug admin

Answer 34

``` Right drug Right dose Right route Right patient Right time Right documents ```

Question 35

What is the pathway of drugs

Answer 35

Absorption,distribution, bio transformation, excretion

Question 36

What happens in absorption

Answer 36

Diffuse through membrane being lipid soluble, water soluble or through carrier proteins

Question 37

What affects absorption

Answer 37

Gut motility, surface area, blood flow , ph, drug concentration, form and size of drug

Question 38

What is distribution

Answer 38

To target sites and made active or inactive

Question 39

What affects distribution

Answer 39

Blood flow , plasma protein binding, blood brain barrier, placental barrier, storage sites

Question 40

What is a storage site

Answer 40

Drug reservoir eg in tissue and plasma proteins as concentration goes down in blood it is released.

Question 41

What does half life length depend on

Answer 41

Whether the drug is stored

Question 42

What happens at brain in distribution

Answer 42

If poor lipid soluble then will not enter brain due to the barrier eg antibiotics

Question 43

What is bio transformation

Answer 43

Drug is chemically converted to subproducts which will affect the receptor or be excreted. Purpose is to detoxify the drug.

Question 44

Main area of detoxification

Answer 44

Liver

Question 45

What happens if liver doesn’t work

Answer 45

Detoxification is delayed and the drug accumulated and causes damage

Question 46

What is first pass effect

Answer 46

Go through liver and then inactivated so need alternative route.

Question 47

What is excretion

Answer 47

Elimination of the drug from the body. Kidney, intestine, lungs, sweat, saliva, mammary glands

Question 48

What is biological half life

Answer 48

Time to eliminate half of the drug from in the body. Drug gone after 5 half lives