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Applied physiology and pharmacology > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Treat high altitude sickness.

Haemorrhage, metabolic acidosis.

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2
Q

Digoxin

A

Cardiac glycoside.
Treat heart failure.

Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac conduction disorder.

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3
Q

Nifedipine

A

Calcium channel blocker.
Treat hypertension.
Treat high altitude sickness.

Tachycardia, headache, palpitations, peripheral oedema.

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4
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Antibiotic

Inhibition of folate metabolism and therefore DNA synthesis. It’s a 2,4-diaminopyridine.

Diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalance, headache.

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5
Q

Acyclovir

A

Guanosine analogue. TK substrate
Antiviral for Herpes (herpes has TK genes)

Depends on application method.
Oral - fever.

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6
Q

Doxazosin

A

Alpha adrenergic receptor blocker.
Treat hypertension.

Arrhythmias, headache, chest pain, dry mouth, GI discomfort.

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7
Q

Ondansetron

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonist (in GI and CNS).
Antiemetic in anaesthesia.

Constipation, feeling hot, headache, sensation abnormal.

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8
Q

Valproate

A

Used in chronic epilepsy management and bipolar
Prevent seizures
Block Na+ entry and increase GABA

Abdominal pain, agitation, haemorrhage, diarrhoea.

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9
Q

Adrenaline

A

Immediate treatment of anaphylactic shock.

Beta2 adrenoreceptor agonists (no longer used routinely in asthma).

Alpha and beta agonist – increases HR and contractility through beta 1, peripheral vasodilation through beta2, peripheral vasoconstriction through alpha.)

Many therapeutic effects, unwanted therapeutic effects can be considered side effects.

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10
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Anti-tumour antibiotic. Binds DNA, cause breaks and inhibits topoisomerase.

Chemo side-effects

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11
Q

Oseltamivir

A

Inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase.

Dizziness, GI discomfort, nausea, sleep difficulty.

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12
Q

Vecuronium

A

Neuromuscular blocking agent (adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia).

Flushing, hypotension.

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13
Q

Aminophylline

A

Methyl Xanthine (purine base) bronchodilator, inhibits PDE

Used for asthma

Headache, nausea, palpitations, seizure (IV administration)

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14
Q

Erythromycin

A

A macrolide. Binds to bacterial 50S ribosome complex and prevents tRNA entrance.

Bacterial resistance occurs through changes to ribosome.

GI discomfort, headache, insomnia.

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15
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.
Depression

Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias.

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16
Q

Paracetamol

A

Analgesic (not anti-inflammatory),

Inhibits specific COX for antipyretic and analgesic effects.

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17
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant.

Anticholinergic syndrome, drowsiness, QT interval prolongation.

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18
Q

Flucloxacillin

A

Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.

Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.

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19
Q

Penicillin

A

Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.

Bacterial resistance occurs through Beta-lactamases (enzymatic inactivation).

Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea,
skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.

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20
Q

Vincristine

A

Cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy.
Microtubule poison – block mitosis.
It is a vinca alkaloid.

Chemo side-effects

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21
Q

Amlodipine

A

Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker.
Treats hypertension.

Abdominal pain, headache, nausea, palpitations, tachycardia, dizziness, drowsiness.

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22
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Depression

Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias, impaired
concentration, fever.

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23
Q

Phenelzine

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias, confusion, dry mouth

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24
Q

Warfarin

A

Anti-coagulant – prophylaxis and
treatment.

Inhibits reduction of vitamin K - so remains inactive - vitamin K cannot help synthesise clotting factors

Haemorrhage.

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25
Amoxicillin
Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.
26
Furosemide
Loop diuretic Inhibits Na+ reabsorption at the TALH (blocks NKCC2) Drug induced ototoxicity (toxic to ear). Dizziness, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, headache, muscle spasms, nausea.
27
Phenylephrine
Alpha-1 agonist, vasoconstrictor in anaesthesia. Arrhythmias, palpitations.
28
Zanamivir
Inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase. Skin reactions.
29
Aspirin
Non-specific COX-inhibitor, pain relief, anti-inflammatory Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis Anti-thrombotic – blocks platelet TXA2 production (needs COX for synthesis Drug induced ototoxicity. Dyspepsia (indigestion), haemorrhage.
30
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside – inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. Drug induced ototoxicity. Skin reactions, tinnitus.
31
Phenytoin
Anti-epileptic drug, acute response. Sodium channel blocking to inhibit repetitive spike firing Vitamin D deficiency, bone disorders, confusion, cerebrovascular insufficiency.
32
Zidovudine (AZT)
Treat HIV, antiretroviral drug. NRTI thymidine analogue Prevent mother-child spread during birth. Abdominal pain, anaemia, diarrhoea, fever, headache.
33
Atenolol
Selective beta-1-blocker. Treats hypertension. Bradycardia, confusion, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, fatigue.
34
Propanolol
Non-selective beta blocker Hypertension Anxiolytic Bradycardia, confusion, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, fatigue, bronchial constrictions (not for asthmatics)
35
Glyceryl trinitrate
Treat heart failure and hypertension. Prophylaxis and treatment of angina. Arrhythmias, asthenia (weakness), cerebral ischaemia, dizziness, headache, hypotension, nausea.
36
Prazosin
Alpha 1 blocker used to treat hypertension. Dizziness, headache, nausea, oedema, postural hypotension.
37
Atropine
Muscarinic antagonist, adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia, can treat bradycardia Constipation, dry mouth, headache, nausea, anxiety, arrhythmias.
38
Glycopyrrolate
Muscarinic antagonist. Parasympatholytic, used in anaesthesia. Arrhythmias, constipation, headache, nausea, dry mouth
39
Propofol
Intravenous general anaesthetic. (potentiates GABA) Apnoea, arrhythmias, headache, hypotension, nausea.
40
Beclomethasone
Inhaled steroid, treats asthma. Inhibits phospholipase A2 Headache, oral candidiasis, pneumonia (in COPD), altered voice and taste.
41
Haloperidol
Typical antipsychotic – D2 receptor antagonists. Arrhythmias, galactorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia, insomnia, vomiting, weight gain.
42
Bendroflumethiazide
Thiazide diuretic. Inhibits Na+ reabsorption at the DCT via blocking NCC Treat hypertension. Alkalosis hypochloraemic, postural hypotension, diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, headache.
43
Heparin
Anti-coagulant. Binds to the enzyme inhibitor antithrombin III (AT) - activating it - ATIII is a serpin - degrades the clotting factors Haemorrhage, thrombocytosis
44
Raltegravir
HIV integrase inhibitor. Restlessness, abnormal appetite and behaviour, depression, nausea.
45
Imatinib
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks the abnormal BCR-ABL protein tyrosine kinase (this is the driver of cell growth in chronic myeloid leukaemia). Less side effects than non-specific chemotherapy
46
Bupivacaine
Local anaesthetic often for epidurals binds VGNC Arrhythmias, dizziness, paraesthesia, hypertension, hypotension, nausea.
47
Ramipril
ACE inhibitor. Treats hypertension. Alopecia (hair loss), angioedema, arrhythmias, weakness, GI discomfort, cough
48
Benzylpenicillin
Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.
49
Ibuprofen
NSAID, anti-inflammatory, COX inactivation Used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia. Gastric ulcers.
50
Rifampicin
Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting bacterial transcription. Nausea, thrombocytopenia, vomiting.
51
Buspirone
``` 5-HT1 agonist. Reduces release of 5-HT Anxiolytic drug (short-term). ``` Abdominal pain, anger, concentration impaired, depression, fatigue, headache, nausea.
52
Ipratropium
Muscarinic antagonist, bronchodilator. Treat asthma, when sympathomimetics are problematic GI disorders, headache, nasal/throat, complaints, epistaxis (nose bleed).
53
Salbutamol
Beta 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, bronchodilator. Treats asthma. Also stimulates Na/K ATPase – uptake of K+. Arrhythmias, headache, hypokalaemia, muscle spasms, nasopharyngitis, nausea, palpitations, rash, tremor.
54
Carbamazepine
Management of chronic epilepsy. Mood stabiliser, bipolar Na+ channel blocking Dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, eosinophilia, fatigue, fluid imbalance.
55
Isoflurane
Inhalational anaesthetic. Agitation, apnoea, arrhythmias, chills, headache, hyper/hypotension, nausea.
56
Saquinavir
HIV protease inhibitor. Burping, constipation, dry lips.
57
Chloroquine
Antimalarial. Enters the digestive vacuole. Caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, leading to heme buildup. This ultimately results in cell lysis and parasite cell auto digestion Anxiety, AV block, depression diarrhoea, confusion, headache.
58
Isonizid
Antibiotic to treat tuberculosis
59
Sevoflurane
Inhalational anaesthesia Agitation, arrhythmias, chills, headache, hyper/hypotension, respiratory disorders, vomiting
60
Chlorpheniramine
Histamine antagonist. Symptom relief of allergy e.g. hayfever, food. Itch in chickenpox. Impaired concentration, abnormal coordination, dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea, blurred vision.
61
L-dopa
Dopamine replacement therapy. After 5-10 years - on/off Dyskinesias.
62
Simvastatin
Statin – lipid-lowering drug. Competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Asthenia (weakness), constipation, diarrhoea, dizziness, flatulence, GI discomfort, headache, nausea, thrombocytopenia, sleep difficulty.
63
Chlorpromazine
Dopamine antagonist. Used as an antipsychotic. Tardive dyskinesia.
64
Lidocaine
Local anaesthetic, VGNC blocker used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia.
65
Spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist. Potassium-sparing diuretic. Acidosis hyperchloremia, acute kidney injury, hyperkalaemia.
66
Ciprofloxacin
Antibiotic Binds to DNA gyrase, quinolones. Inhibition of DNA synthesis. Appetite decreased, weakness, constipation, diarrhoea, GI discomfort.
67
Lithium
Mood stabiliser. Many side effects arrhythmias, coma, electrolyte imbalance, weight increase.
68
Streptokinase
Thrombolytic agents. Turn plasminogen into plasmin Anaphylactic reaction, cardiogenic shock, chills, CNS haemorrhage, fever.
69
Cisplatin
Alkylating cytotoxic drug. Intra-strand DNA crosslinks account for most of the cytotoxicity Anaemia, arrhythmias, bone marrow failure, electrolyte imbalance, fever, sepsis.
70
Losartan
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) Treat hypertension and heart failure. Hyperkalaemia, hypotension, nausea, renal impairment, weakness.
71
Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside – inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. Skin reactions, tinnitus
72
Clozapine
Atypical antipsychotic – 5-HT 2A subunit antagonist. Agitation, amenorrhoea, arrhythmias, constipation, dry mouth, hypotension, Parkinsonism.
73
Suxamethonium
Neuromuscular blocking agents. Used in anaesthesia for intubation Arrhythmias, bradycardia, involuntary muscle contractions.
74
Methotrexate
Chemotherapy metabolic inhibition of DNA synthesis – inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Anaemia, appetite decreased, fatigue, drowsiness, throat ulcers, thrombocytopenia.
75
Codeine
Opioid agonist. Arrhythmias, confusion, dry mouth, hypotension, nausea, vomiting.
76
Sumatriptan
Pain relief for migraines. Weakness, flushing, nausea, pain.
77
Maraviroc
HIV entry inhibitor, binds CCR5. Abdominal pain, anaemia, weakness, depression, headache.
78
Cromoglicate
Prevents histamine release from mast cells. Pneumonia eosinophilic.
79
Naloxone
Reversal of opiate action – blocks their effects Opiate withdrawal recovery Arrhythmias, dizziness, nausea, hyper/hypothension, headache.
80
Cyclophosphamide
Alkylating agent – chemically damages DNA. | Chemotherapy
81
Temazepam
Benzodiazepine, used in anaesthesia. Anxiolytic used as an adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia. Altered alertness, ataxia, confusion, depression, GI disorder, headache, hypotension, nausea.
82
NSAIDs
Analgesics, cyclo-oxygenase inhibition blocks prostanoid synthesis. Stomach ulcers, cardiac arrest, renal failure.
83
Morphine
Opiate analgesics. Used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia. Arrhythmias, confusion, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, hypotension, nausea, palpitations, respiratory depression
84
Cyclopentolate
Muscarinic antagonist, dilates pupil. Dizziness, photophobia.
85
Tamoxifen
Anti-oestrogen – oestrogen receptor modulator. Used for breast cancer Thromboembolism, anaemia, cerebral ischaemia, diarrhoea.
86
Tetracycline
Antibiotic aminoglycoside Angiooedema, diarrhoea, headache
87
Nicotine
Addictive, recreational drug. Can be used in nicotine replacement therapy for those quitting smoking. Dizziness, headache, hyperhidrosis, nausea, palpitations, skin reactions, vomiting, weakness, cause GI discomfort.
88
Diazepam
Benzodiazepine, used in anaesthesia. Anti-anxiety Facilitate GABA transmission Altered alertness, ataxia, confusion, depression, GI disorder, headache, hypotension, nausea.
89
Tramadol
Opiate receptor agonist. Arrhythmias, confusion, dizziness, euphoric mood, hallucinations.
90
Neostigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Used as an adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia. Cramps, diarrhoea, hypersalivation/tearing, nausea, vomiting.
91
Dexamethasone
Steroid, modulates protein synthesis – reduced activity of phospholipase A2, reduced production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF. Used to treat high altitude sickness. Anxiety, abnormal behaviour, Cushing’s syndrome, electrolyte imbalance.
92
Trastuzumab
Therapeutic monoclonal antibody against HER2 – used in breast and stomach cancers. Cardiomyopathy, anxiety, arrhythmias, weakness, pain.
93
Infliximab
TNF alpha antagonist chimeric monoclonal antibody Rheumatoid arthritis
94
Alirocumab
Anti PCSK9 monoclonal antibody binds PCSK9 before it can bind to LDL receptors and lead to their sequestering.

Applied physiology and pharmacology (18 decks)

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