DRUGS ACTING ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 1

body defenses includes what?

Answer 1

1. Barrier Defenses
2. Cellular Defenses
3. Inflammatory Defenses
4. Immune Response

Question 2

Each of these defenses plays a major role in maintaining
homeostasis and preventing disease.

Answer 2

body defenses

Question 3

Certain anatomical barriers exist to prevent the entry of foreign pathogens
and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body. These
barriers include the skin and mucous membranes, gastric acid, and the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

Answer 3

barrier defenses

Question 4

first line of defense, acts as a physical barrier to protect the internal tissues and
organs of the body, Glands in it secrete chemicals that destroy or repel many
pathogens, Sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria, The top layer falls off daily, which makes it difficult for any pathogen to colonize on the skin, In addition, the normal bacterial flora help to destroy many
disease-causing pathogens.

Answer 4

Skin

Question 5

line the areas of the body that are exposed to
external influences but do not have the benefit of skin protection, It also secretes a sticky mucus capable of trapping invaders and
inactivating them for later destruction and removal by the body.

Answer 5

mucous membranes

Question 6

In the
conducting airways of the respiratory tract, the mucous membrane is
lined with tiny, hair-like processes called what? it sweep any captured pathogens or foreign materials upward toward the mouth,
where they will be swallowed. it also can move the captured material to an area
causing irritation, which leads to removal by coughing or sneezing.

Answer 6

cilia

Question 7

mucous membranes includes what and what are they exposed to?

Answer 7

1. respiratory tract, which is exposed to air;
2. the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is exposed to anything ingested by
   mouth;
3. genitourinary (GU) tract, which is exposed to many
   pathogens from the perineal and rectal area.

Question 8

barrier defenses includes what?

Answer 8

1. skin
2. mucous membranes
3. gastric acid
4. major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 9

The stomach secretes it in response to many stimuli. The acidity of the
stomach not only aids digestion but also destroys many would-be
pathogens that are either ingested or swallowed after removal from the
respiratory tract. Normal flora that live in this acidic environment also help
to destroy many of these ingested pathogens.

Answer 9

gastric acid

Question 10

ability to distinguish between
selfcells and foreign cells. All of the cells and tissues of each person are
marked for identification as part of that individual’s genetic code. No two
people have exactly the same code. In humans, the genetic identification
code is carried on a chromosome and is called what?

Answer 10

major histocompatibility complex

Question 11

MHC produces several proteins called

Answer 11

histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).

Question 12

. These
antigens (proteins) are located on the cell membrane and allow the body
to recognize cells as being self-cells. Cells that do not have these
proteins are identified as foreign and are targeted for destruction by the
body.

Answer 12

histocompatibility antigens, or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).

Question 13

Any foreign pathogen that manages to get past the barrier defenses will
encounter the human inflammatory and immune systems, or the

Answer 13

mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS).

Question 14

the MPS is previously called what?

Answer 14

Previously called the reticuloendothelial system

Question 15

MPS is composed
primarily of

Answer 15

leukocytes,
lymphocytes,
lymphoid tissues,
and numerous chemical mediators.

Question 16

White blood cells

Answer 16

leukocyte

Question 17

leukocyte types

Answer 17

• Lymphocyte
• Myelocyte

Question 18

Key component of the immune system and consists of T cells, be cells and natural killer
cells

Answer 18

lymphocyte

Question 19

Different cell types those are important in both the basic inflammatory response and the immune
response.

Answer 19

myelocyte

Question 20

Myelocytes include:

Answer 20

neutrophils,
basophils,
eosinophils,
and monocytes or macrophages

Question 21

are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that are capable of moving outside of the
bloodstream (diapedesis) and engulfing and digesting foreign material (phagocytosis).
* When the body is injured or invaded by a pathogen, neutrophils are rapidly produced
and moved to the site of the insult to attack the foreign material
* Able to identify nonself-cells by use of MHC

Answer 21

neutrophils

Question 22

moving outside of the
bloodstream

Answer 22

diapedesis

Question 23

digesting foreign material

Answer 23

phagocytosis

Question 24

are myelocytic leukocytes that are not capable of phagocytosis.
* They contain chemical substances or mediators that are important for initiating and
maintaining an immune or inflammatory response. These substances include histamine,
heparin, and other chemicals used in the inflammatory response.

Answer 24

basophils

Question 25

circulating myelocytic leukocytes. * They are often found at the site of allergic reactions and may be responsible for removing the proteins and active components of the immune reaction from the site of an allergic response.

Answer 25

eosinophils

Question 26

are mature leukocytes that are capable of phagocytizing an antigen. * Macrophages help to remove foreign material from the body, including pathogens, debris from dead cells, and necrotic tissue from injury sites, so that the body can heal. They also can process antigens and present them to active lymphocytes for destruction.

Answer 26

monocytes or macrophages

Question 27

Fixed basophils that do not circulate * Can be found in respiratory and GI tracts and in the skin

Answer 27

mast cell

Question 28

* Lymphoid tissues that play an important part in the cellular defense system include the:

Answer 28

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland bone marrow, lymphoid tissue

Question 29

(a bipolar gland located in the middle of the chest, which becomes smaller with age)

Answer 29

thymus gland

Question 30

important for creation of the cellular components of the MPS

Answer 30

bone marrow and thymus gland

Question 31

MPS is described as a group of cells in the immune system that plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and fighting infection, inflammation, and cancer

Answer 31

mononuclear phagocyte system

Question 32

cellular defenses includes what?

Answer 32

human inflammatory and immune systems mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS): -leukocytes, -lymphocytes, -lymphoid tissues, and -numerous chemical mediators

Question 32

the local reaction of the body to invasion or injury * Any insult to he body that injures cells or tissues

Answer 32

inflammatory response

Question 33

Cell injuries causes the activation of a chemical in the plasma called

Answer 33

Factor XII or Hageman Fcator

Question 34

* Hageman factor is responsible for activation of the

Answer 34

kinin system

Question 35

Hageman factor activates a substance found in local tissues

Answer 35

kallikrein

Question 36

causes the precursor substance kininogen to be converted to bradykinin

Answer 36

kallikrein

Question 37

causes vasodilation to bring more blood to the injures area * Allow white blood cells to escape into the tissues, increase permeability

Answer 37

bradykinin

Question 38

Bradykinin also causes the release of what from the cell membrane

Answer 38

arachidonic acid

Question 39

Arachidonic acid causes the release of

Answer 39

autochoids

Question 40

act like local hormones release from cell and cause an effect on the immediate area

Answer 40

autochoids

Question 41

augments the inflammatory reaction and stimulates nerve endings which causes pain

Answer 41

prostaglandins

Question 42

it causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability and has the property called what

Answer 42

Leukotrienes has the property called chemotaxis

Question 42

which is the ability to attract neutrophils and to stimulate them and other macrophages in the area to be very aggressive

Answer 42

chemotaxis

Question 42

causes local vasoconstriction and facilitates aggregation and blood coagulation

Answer 42

Thromboxanes

Question 43

increases the permeability of the capillary, making it easier for neutrophils and blood chemicals to leave the blood stream and enter the injure area

Answer 43

histamine

Question 44

clinical presentations of inflammatory response

Answer 44

Calor (heat) * Tumor (swelling) * Rubor (redness) * Dolor (pain)

Question 44

Occurs because of the increased blood flow to the area

Answer 44

calor

Question 45

Occurs because of the fluid that leaks into the tissues as a result of the change in capillary permeability

Answer 45

tumor

Question 45

an antigen is one that can be readily destroyed by an immune response and immunity results

Answer 45

immunogen

Question 45

* Related to the increase blood flow caused by the vasolidtion

Answer 45

rubor

Question 46

Comes from the activation of pain fibers by histamine and the kinin system

Answer 46

dolor

Question 46

The body’s action plan devised to combat invading organisms or substances by leukocyte and antibody activity

Answer 46

immune response

Question 46

is any foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response

Answer 46

antigen

Question 46

the ability to destroy like antigen

Answer 46

immunity

Question 46

mediating substances that are released that cause tissue injury and allergic symptoms * They may be ingested (foods such as eggs or wheat), inhaled (pollen, dust, or mold spores), injected (drugs), or absorbed across the skin or mucous membranes (poison ivy)

Answer 46

allergen

Question 47

immune responses include?

Answer 47

antigen immunity immunogen allergen

Question 48

* Originating in the bone marrow * Develop into plasma cells and memory cells when exposed to antigens

Answer 48

b-lymphocytes

Question 49

Secrete large quantities of immunoglobulins or antibodies, which bind to and destroy specific antigens (humoral immunity)

Answer 49

plasma cells

Question 50

* Responsible for retaining the formula or ability to produce specific immunoglobulins * Immunoglobulins are classified as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

Answer 50

memory cells

Question 51

* Account for 70% to 80% of blood lymphocytes and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity * Produced by the bone marrow but mature under the influence of the thymus gland * They react specifically to viruses, fungi, and parasites but have an effect on all antigens

Answer 51

t-lymphocytes

Question 52

T-lymphocytes types

Answer 52

cytotoxic (killer) t cells helper t cells (CD4 cells) suppressor t cells

Question 53

are T lymphocytes that have the specific feature of binding to the surface of antigens and directly destroying the cell membrane and therefore the cell (phagocytes)

Answer 53

cytotoxic (killer) t cells

Question 54

stimulate B lymphocytes to divide and mature into plasma cells and begin secreting immunoglobulins

Answer 54

helper t cells (CD4 cells)

Question 55

are T cells that reduce the production of immunoglobulins against a specific antigen and prevent their overproduction

Answer 55

suppressor T cells

Question 56

immune system organs and cells include

Answer 56

B-Lymphocytes Plasma cells Memory cells T lymphocytes

Question 57

types of immunity

Answer 57

humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity

Question 58

refers to immunity created by antibody production or B-lymphocyte involvement * begins when helper T cells recognize an antigen and cause activation of B lymphocytes * The specific B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells and begin creation of specific immunoglobulins that mark the antigen for destruction

Answer 58

humoral immunity

Question 59

* is the type of immune response caused by T-lymphocyte activity. * Cytotoxic T cells attack and directly destroy invading antigens through the release of chemical compounds on the antigen membrane, injection of a toxin directly into the antigen, or secretion of lymphokines

Answer 59

cell mediated immunity

Question 60

other mediators include:

Answer 60

* Interferons Interleukins * Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 61

Are chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses and possibly by other stimuli * Prevents viral replication and also suppress malignant cell replication and tumor growth

Answer 61

interferons

Question 62

Chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes * Interleukin 1 (IL-1) stimulates T and B cells to initiate an immune response. * IL-2 is released from active T cells to stimulate the production of more T cells and to increase the activity of B cells, cytotoxic cells, and natural killer cells. * Interleukins also cause fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and slow-wave sleep induction—all things that help the body to conserve energy for use in fighting off the invader.

Answer 62

interleukins

Question 63

a cytokine, is a chemical released by macrophages, which inhibits tumor growth and can actually cause tumor regression.

Answer 63

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 64

generally block or alter the chemical reactions associated with the inflammatory response to stop one or more of the signs and symptoms of inflammation.

Answer 64

anti-inflammatory agents

Question 65

are among the most commonly used pain medications. * They’re used to control pain and reduce fever and inflammation.Block inflammatory response, antipyretic (fever-blocking, and analgesic (pain-blocking properties * They were extracted from willow bark, poplar trees, and other plants by ancient people to treat fever, pain, and what we now call inflammation. * They are generally available without prescription and are relatively non toxic when used as directed

Answer 65

salicylates

Question 66

most commonly used salicylates

Answer 66

aspirin

Question 67

provide strong antiinflammatory and analgesic effects without the adverse effects associated with the corticosteroids

Answer 67

NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND RELATED AGENTS

Question 68

This group of drugs includes propionic acids, acetic acids, fenamates, oxicam derivatives, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors.

Answer 68

NON STEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND RELATED AGENTS

Question 69

it includes * Balsalazide, choline magnesium trisalicylate, diflunisal, mesalamine, olsalazine, salsalate, sodium thiosalicylate

Answer 69

salicylates

Question 70

is used to treat moderate to mild pain and fever and often is used in place of the NSAIDs or salicylates. * It has been the most frequently used drug for managing pain and fever in children. * It is widely available OTC and is found in many combination products. * It can be extremely toxic. It causes severe liver toxicity that can lead to death when taken in high doses.

Answer 70

acetaminophen

Question 71

it includes tylenol and ofirmev

Answer 71

acetaminophen

Question 72

a potentially debilitating inflammatory process in the joints that causes pain and bone deformities.

Answer 72

arthritis

Question 73

include one gold compound, which is used to prevent and suppress arthritis in selected patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the others are specifically used to block the inflammation and tissue damage of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 73

antiarthritis drugs

Question 74

treatment with gold salts which gold is taken up by macrophages, which then inhibit phagocytosis;

Answer 74

chrysotherapy

Question 75

it is reserved for use in patients who are unresponsive to conventional therapy and can be very toxic, it are indicated to treat selected cases of rheumatoid and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in patients whose disease has been unresponsive to standard therapy * This drug does not repair damage; it may prevent further damage and so is most effective if used early in the disease.

Answer 75

gold compound

Question 76

The gold salt available for use is

Answer 76

auranofin (Ridaura).

Question 77

are often the first class used with progressing arthritis, act to decrease the local effects of TNF, a locally released cytokine that can cause the death of tumor cells and stimulate a wide range of proinflammatory activities. The actions of this cytokine when inflammation occurs within a joint capsule can lead to the destruction of bone and the malformation of joints that is associated with arthritis. Drugs that block that action of TNF slow the inflammatory response and the joint damage associated with it.

Answer 77

TNF blockers

Question 78

These drugs include adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab (Cimzia), etanercept (Enbrel), golimumab (Simponi), and infliximab (Remicade).

Answer 78

TNF blockers