Drugs and the Body Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Two pharmaceutic phases of drugs
A
Disintegration and Dissolution
2
Q
True or False.
In the GI tract, drugs need to be in solution so they can be absorbed.
A
True
3
Q
The breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles
A
Disintegration
4
Q
The dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption.
A
Dissolution
5
Q
Factors affecting dissolution
A
Form of drugs, Gastric pH, Age
6
Q
True or False.
Drugs in solid form are more rapidly available for GI absorption than liquids.
A
False
7
Q
True or False.
Drugs are disintegrated and absorbed faster in acidic fluids with a pH of 1 or 2 rather than in alkaline fluids.
A
True
8
Q
True or False.
Both the very young and older adults have less gastric acidity; therefore, drug absorption is generally slower for those drugs absorbed primarily in the stomach.
A
True
9
Q
Pharmacon means
A
Drug
10
Q
Kinesis means
A
Movement
11
Q
Dynamics means
A
Power
12
Q
Drug movement
A
Pharmacokinetics
13
Q
Drug power
A
Pharmacodynamics
14
Q
•Disintegration occurs in alkaline environment (small intestine)
•Should not be crushed
•Presence of food interfere with dissolution and absorption, enhance absorption of other drugs may be protectants of gastric mucosa
A
Enteric Coated Drug
15
Q
describes information about ADME (enumerate):
A
Pharmacokinetics
ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
16
Q
Study of how drugs affect the human body given their mechanism of action.
A
Pharmacodynamics
17
Q
movement of drugs through the body
A
Pharmacokinetics
18
Q
what the body does to the drug
A
Pharmacokinetics
19
Q
Body’s biological response to drugs
A
Pharmacodynamics
20
Q
What the drug does to the body
A
Pharmacodynamics
21
Q
Movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration, process of drug entering the blood circulation
A
Absorption
22
Q
Mechanism of Drug absorption
A
Passive transport
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis, exocytosis
23
Q
Determine the route of administration: swallowing an aspirin tablet
A
Oral
24
Q
Determine the route of administration: administering to the GI tract such as via a NG tube
A
Enteral
25
Determine the route of administration:
Administering an acetaminophen [Tylenol] suppository)
Rectal
26
Breathing in medication from an inhaler
Inhalation
27
Determine the route of administration: Getting a flu shot in the deltoid muscle
Intramuscular
28
Determine the route of administration: Injecting insulin into the fat tissue beneath the skin
Subcutaneous
29
Determine the route of administration: Wearing a nicotine patch
Transdermal
30
Determine the route of administration: Giving medicines or fluids through a needle or tube inserted into a vein
Intravenous
31
type of absorption. movement from higher to lower concentration, don’t require energy
Passive absorption
32
Type of absorption. Carrier such as an enzyme or protein moves the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required.
Active absorption
33
Process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles (encapsulation by a cell)
Pinocytosis
34
True or false. Water soluble drugs absorb faster.
False
35
True or false. Water soluble drugs need a carrier, either enzyme or protein, to pass through a membrane.
True
36
Have no positive or negative charge
Non ionized
37
Has negative or positive charge
Ionized
38
True or false. Ionized drugs are absorbed faster.
False
39
Weak acid drugs like aspirin are less ____ in the stomach, and they pas through the stomach lining easily and rapidly.
Ionized
40
An infant’s gastric secretions have ____ than those adults; therefore they can absorb more penicillin.
Higher pH (alkaline
41
Certain drugs such as ____ ____ and many of the antifungals need an acidic environment to achieve greater drug absorption; thus food can stimulate the production of gastric acid.
Calcium carbonate
42
___ destroys some drugs such as penicillin G; therefore a large oral dosage of penicillin is needed to offset the partial dose loss.
Hydrochloric acid
43
Some drugs do not go directly into the systemic circulation following oral absorption but pass from the intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein.
First pass effect or hepatic first pass
44
In the liver, some drugs may be metabolized to ___ that may then be excreted, thus reducing the amount of ___ drug
an inactive form, active
45
True or false. Some drugs do not undergo metabolism at all in the liver.
True
46
Substance formed when the body chemically modifies a drug after its administration.
Drug metabolite
47
True or false. Liquids are absorbed better than solids.
True
48
True or false. Colloids are absorbed better than crystalloids.
False
49
True or false. Drugs in oily solutions mix readily than those in aqueous solution.
False
50
True or false. Most of the drugs are organic compounds.
True
51
True or false. Organic compounds are not completely ionized in the fluid.
True
52
Unionized component is predominantly ___ soluble and is absorbed rapidly.
Lipid soluble
53
Ionized is often ___ soluble component which is absorbed poorly.
water
54
Acidic drugs like ___ rapidly absorb from the stomach.
Salicylates and barbiturates
55
Base drugs are not absorbed until they reach to the ___ environment. i.e. small intestine when administered orally e.g. ____.
alkaline, pethidine and ephedrine
56
Medications made of protein that are swallowed or otherwise absorbed in the GI tract may quickly be deactivated by enzymes as they pass through the stomach and duodenum. If the drug does get into the blood from the intestines, part of it will be broken down by liver enzymes, known as ____. Some of it will escape to the general circulation to either become ___ (inactive) or ___ (and create an action at a receptor site.
First pass effect
protein-bound
stay free
57
The percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation.
Bioavailability
58
The path by which a drug is taken into the body
Route of administration
59
Route of administration is determined by:
1. Property of the drug (e.g. water or lipid solubility, ionization)
2. Therapeutic objectives (desirability of rapid onset, the need for long term treatment)
3. Biopharmaceutical factors
60
True or false. The absorption pattern of drugs varies between the different administration routes
True
61
Enteral oral routes example
Solid, liquid, meds by NGT, enteral feedings
62
Parenteral route examples
Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, and Intravenous
63
Percutaneous topical route examples
Creams, lotion, ointments
Patch testing for allergies
NTG (Nitroglycerin transdermal patch)
Medication to Mucus membranes
Topical powder
64
Most used route
Oral
65
route intended for systemic and local effect
Oral dosage forms
66
absorption pattern is affected by many factors and also depends on the dosage form
Oral dosage
67
True or false
Solution > Suspension > Capsules > Tablets
True
68
Unsuitable for oily substances and has an immediate effect
Intravenous route
69
Dose is higher and suitable for irritating substances. Used in emergency situations and ideal for molecular weight proteins.
Intravenous route
70
May result in adverse effects, must be introduced slowly to the skin, and strict aseptic techniques are needed.
Intravenous route
71
The safest, convenient, and economical route.
Oral route
72
Route with limited absorption, affected by food, must ensure patient compliance, and are metabolized before absorption.
Oral route
73
A ___ is a substance used to dilute a concentrated drug to a desired concentration, improving its properties for administration.
Drug diluent
74
Depend on drug diluent.
Aqueous solution: PROMPT
Depot preparation: slow and sustained
Subcutaneous route and Intramuscular route
75
Suitable for slow release drugs and ideal for some poorly soluble suspensions
Subcutaneous route
76
What are the disadvantages of subcutaneous route?
1. Pain or necrosis (cell death in living tissue)
2. Unsuitable for large doses
77
Advantage: when drug volume is moderate, suitable for oily vehicles, preferable to IV if patient must self-administer.
Intramuscular route
78
Affect certain lab tests, can be painful, and ___ haemorrhage can happen
Intramuscular
79
Slow and sustained. It bypasses the first-pass effect, painless, ideal to drugs that are lipophilic and drugs that are quickly eliminated.
Transdermal
80
Can be allergic, highly lipophilic, delay delivery of drugs, limited to drug
Transdermal
81
Erratic and variable. Bypass first-pass effect and destruction of stomach acid, does not induce vomiting.
Rectal route
82
Disadvantages of rectal route
May irritate the rectal mucosa, not well-accepted route
83
Rapid absorption, ideal for gases, dose can be titrated, effective for respiratory patients, less side effects, localised effect to target lungs
Inhalation
84
___ refers to a process used in chemistry and medicine to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution or to adjust the dosage of a medication.
Titration
85
Addictive route, difficult to regulate and use
Inhalation
86
Erratically or incompletely absorbed, systemic absorption, rapid
Sublingual
87
Bypasses first pass effect and destruction of stomach acid, drug stability maintained, immediate pharmacological effects.
Sublingual
88
Limited to certain types, limited to drug, may lose part of the drug
Sublingual
89
Other enteral routes used when rapid onset of action is needed. Med is absorbed directly by the blood vessels under the tongue or in the lining of the mouth which provide fast action and bypass first-pass effect.
Sublingual, buccal
90
It refers to the administration of a liquid medication directly into a body cavity or onto a surface, allowing for localized treatment. Ex: placing drops or a small volume of liquid into areas such as the eyes, ears, nose, or urinary tract.
Instillation route
91
A system or device by which the drug is delivered to the body.
Dosage forms
92
These are solid dosage forms designed to be inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra, where they dissolve or melt to release their active ingredients.
Suppositories
93
These are topical preparations that are applied to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in muscles and joints.
Liniments
