Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DEN 2026 - Pharmacology > Drugs and the Immune System I > Flashcards

Drugs and the Immune System I Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Redness
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Localised process by which cells and fluid accumulate in irritated tissues, and usually tend to protect them from further injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe innate immunity

A
  • 1st line of defence
  • Checks most potential pathogens
  • Breach of system result in activation of adaptive immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A
  • Specific reaction to infectious agent
  • Eradicate the agent
  • T cells recognise antigen displayed
  • Capacity to remember infectious agent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the initial sensitisation of the innate immune system

A
  • Pathogens are recognised by epithelial cells and macrophages
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines released
  • Cytokines active inflammatory cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 2 pro-inflammatory cytokines released by epithelial cells during

A
  1. TNF-α

2. IL-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 2 types of inflammatory cells activated by cytokines

A
  1. Neutrophils

2. Mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the initial sensitisation of the adaptive immune system

A
  • Antigen presenting cells present to lymphocytes and natural killer cells
  • IL-2 produced leading to clonal expansion of activated T lymphocytes
  • Further mediators activate anti-inflammatory macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and B lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 3 cell types which provide communication between adaptive and innate immunity

A
  1. Natural killer cells
  2. Lymphoid cells
  3. Mast cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 2 sources of chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Cellular

2. Plasma derived from liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 2 types of cellular chemical mediators of inflammation?

A
  1. Synthesised

2. Preformed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 5 types of synthesised cellular chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Leukotrienes
  3. Cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α)
  4. Nitric Oxide
  5. Platelet Activation Factors (PAFs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 preformed cellular chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Serotonin
  3. Lysosomal Enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of cellular chemical mediator of inflammation does not cause vascular leakage?

A

Cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 3 types of cellular chemical mediator of inflammation cause chemotaxis?

A
  1. Leukotrienes
  2. PAFs
  3. Cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 2 types of activation which can occur from plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation

A
  1. Hageman Factor activation

2. Complement activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 2 systems which are part of Hageman Factor activation

A
  1. Kinin system e.g. bradykinin

2. Coagulation / Fibrinolysis system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name 4 chemical mediators during complement activation

A
  1. C3a
  2. C3b
  3. C5a
  4. C5b-9
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of C3b chemical mediator?

A

Opsonisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which mediator of the complement activation does not cause vascular leakage or chemotaxis?

A

C3b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name 4 ways drugs can modify the immune response

A
  1. Modulation of antigen processing (suppression)
  2. Enhancement of suppression of T cell function
  3. Modification of B cell responses and antibody production
  4. Interference with production / release of mediators or their effects (suppression / enhancement)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name 2 main aims of treating inflammation

A
  1. Relief of pain

2. Stop tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name 6 classes of drugs used to combat inflammation

A
  1. Histamine / Antihistamine
  2. Cytokines / Biologicals
  3. Immunosuppressive
  4. NSAIDs
  5. Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
  6. Diseases Modifying Drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the chemical name for histamine?

A

Aminoethylimidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name 4 places histamine is naturally found
1. Plants 2. Venoms / Stings 3. Bacteria and certain fungi 4. Throughout the human body
26
What enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of histamine?
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)
27
How many types of histamine receptors are there?
4
28
Describe the gene location for H₁ receptor
Chromosome 3
29
Describe the gene location for H₂ receptor
Chromosome 5
30
Describe the gene location for H₃ receptor
Chromosome 20
31
Describe the gene location for H₄ receptor
Chromosome 18
32
What is the general function of H₁ receptors?
Rapid, short-lived vascular response, increasing vasodilatation, vascular permeability and hypotension
33
Describe the immune response to stimulated H₁ receptors
Pro-inflammatory, increasing the release of histamine and other mediators and chemotaxis of eosinophils and neutrophils
34
Describe the CNS response to stimulated H₁ receptors
Affect sleep, food intake, memory and learning
35
What is the general function of H₂ receptors?
Slower, sustained vascular response, increasing bronchodilatation and vascular permeability
36
Describe the immune response to stimulated H₂ receptors
Anti-inflammatory, decreasing chemotaxis of eosinophils and neurtophils
37
Describe the CNS response to stimulated H₂ receptors
Neuroendocrine
38
What is the general function of H₃ receptors?
Prevents excessive bronchoconstriction
39
Describe the immune response to stimulated H₃ receptors
Pro-inflammatory
40
Describe the CNS response to stimulated H₃ receptors
Decrease in histamine, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and acetylcholine release
41
What is the the general function of H₄ receptors?
Differentiation of myeloblasts and promyelocytes
42
Describe the immune response to stimulated H₄ receptors
Increases calcium influx in human eosinophil cells and increases eosinophil and mast cell chemotaxis
43
Name the major effect of histamine on H₁ receptors
Allergic inflammation
44
Name the major effect of histamine on H₂ receptors
Gastric acid secretion
45
Name the major effect of histamine on H₃ receptors
Neurotransmission
46
Name the major effect of histamine on H₄ receptors
Immunomodulation
47
Name 2 types of cells where histamine is stored
1. Mast cells | 2. Basophils
48
How is histamine released from mast cells?
Degranulation
49
Describe 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions
1. Type I - Immediate allergic reaction requiring sensitisation 2. Type II - Cytotoxic involving antibodies with tissue damage 3. Type III - Immune complex mediated with tissue damage 4. Type IV - Delayed and cell mediated involving T lymphocytes
50
What is the triple response to histamine injection?
1. Reddening 2. Flare 3. Wheal
51
How do antihistamines function?
Competitively antagonize histamine at the receptor, thereby decreasing the availability of the receptors for histamine
52
Name 2 H₄ receptor antagonists currently under development
1. Seliforant | 2. Adriforant
53
What is the potential use for seliforant?
Acute unilateral vestibulopathy
54
What is the potential use for adriforant?
Severe atopic dermatitis
55
Name a H₃ receptor antagonist
Pitolisant
56
What is the clinical use of pitolisant?
Treatment of narcolepsy with or without cataplexy
57
Name 4 H₂ receptor antagonist drugs
1. Cimetidine 2. Ranitidine 3. Nizatidine 4. Lafutidine
58
Name 4 H₁ receptor antagonist drugs
1. Chlorphenamine 2. Promethazine 3. Terfenadine 4. Cetirizine
59
Name 3 clinical benefits when H₁ receptor antagonist drugs antagonize the receptor
1. Reduce vasodilatation 2. Reduce capillary permeability 3. Reduce flare and itch response
60
Describe the ADME of H₁ receptor antagonist drugs
- Well absorbed from GIT - Distributed through whole body - Metabolised by the liver
61
Name 3 uses of H₁ receptor antagonists
1. Topical application to relieve itching 2. Prophylaxis and treatment of allergic conditions e.g. rhinitis 3. Common cold remedies
62
Name 4 adverse effects of H₁ receptor antagonists
1. Sedation (enhanced by alcohol) 2. Stimulation (phenindamine) 3. Cardiac problems are possible 4. Xerostomia
63
Name 2 dental applications of H₁ receptor antagonists
1. Sedative (promethazine) | 2. Allergic lesions on face and mouth

DEN 2026 - Pharmacology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions