Drugs, crime and society Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of a drug?
A
A chemical that influences biological functions
2
Q
What is a psychoactive drug?
A
A drug that can influence mental functions such as mood, behaviors, and perception
3
Q
Define drug misuse.
A
When drugs are causing problems for the user or society
4
Q
What characterizes addiction or dependence?
A
Impaired control of drug use, overriding priority, tolerance, or withdrawal
5
Q
What percentage of drug users become addicted?
A
20% or less
6
Q
What are the main causes of addiction?
A
Genetic predisposition, environment, and life situation
7
Q
List the deaths attributed to the following substances: alcohol, smoking, and cocaine.
A
- Alcohol: 10,000
- Smoking: 74,600
- Cocaine: 2,500
8
Q
What is the general toxicity of drugs associated with?
A
Long term health effects, overdose, social dangerousness
9
Q
What are the three types of physical damage caused by drug use according to Van Amsterdam et al.?
A
- Physical damage
- Induced dependence
- Effect of drug use on families, communities, and society
10
Q
What is the highest drug use prevalence age range?
A
16-19 years old
11
Q
What is the stereotype of a drug user?
A
Male, middle-aged, addicted, unemployed, commits crime, violent, heroin/crack users
12
Q
What is the reality of drug users?
A
Young, lives in urban areas, non-violent, does not commit crimes, occasional user, multiple drugs
13
Q
What is the primary source of drug supply for users?
A
A friend or someone they know
14
Q
What does the Preto rule state regarding drug use?
A
80% of effects come from 20% of causes
15
Q
What is the structure of drug trafficking described?
A
Decentralised, smaller operations connected, rely on reputation, violence as enforcement
16
Q
What are the pros and cons of a decentralized drug trafficking structure?
A
- Pros: resilient, easily replaced
- Cons: hinder innovation, slow and inefficient
17
Q
What is the impact of cutting street drugs?
A
Increases volume for economic purposes, but can lead to overdose
18
Q
What is Operation Onymous?
A
A major police operation targeting crypto markets launched in November 2014
19
Q
What is the displacement hypothesis?
A
Adaptation by market participants to enforcement efforts, shifting from targeted to non-targeted markets
20
Q
What was the impact of Operation Onymous on drug dealers?
A
Total number of dealers dropped, but numbers recovered in a month
21
Q
What are the key features of online drug markets?
A
Anonymity, encryption, escrow services, feedback systems
22
Q
What is the deep web?
A
Everything that search engines don’t index, requiring a password
23
Q
What is the dark web?
A
A small specific hidden part of the deep web accessed via Tor browser
24
Q
What are the lifecycle stages of crypto markets?
A
- Infancy (0-6 months)
- Adolescence (6-18 months)
- Maturity (18+ months)
- Death (market closure)
25
What is the estimated value of the total global illicit drug trade?
$426-652 billion per year
26
What are the objectives of drug regulation?
* Reducing number of users
* Reducing bad habits
* Reducing damage from drugs and trade
27
What are the negative results of prohibition?
* Increased risk of unsafe products
* Less availability
* Violence
* Higher prices
* Risk of infectious disease
28
What is decriminalisation?
Possession isn’t a personal crime; users are recommended for treatment
29
What are some alternative models to prohibition and legalisation?
* Grow your own
* Communal growing
* Dutch model
* Government monopoly
* Non-profit organisations
30
What is the impact of legalisation on crime and violence?
Cannabis is not related to violence; 80% of use is through friends
31
What are the potential impacts of drug legalisation on the criminal justice system?
* Reduced need for enforcement
* Elimination of arrests for legal activities
* Shift in enforcement focus
32
What is the risk and price model in drug enforcement?
More risk of imprisonment leads to higher prices and potentially less consumption
33
What are protective factors regarding drug use?
Spending regular quality time with parents
34
Fill in the blank: The elasticity of demand measures how much consumption changes in response to a _______.
1% increase in price
35
What is the difference between output and outcome?
Output refers to the immediate results of an activity, while outcome refers to the long-term effects of an activity.
36
What is the larger share of drug-related government spending focused on?
It focuses on law enforcement and punitive measures rather than prevention and treatment.
37
What is meant by risk factors in drug prevention?
Risk factors increase the likelihood of drug use, such as being from a single-parent family.
38
What are protective factors in drug prevention?
Protective factors reduce the likelihood of drug use, such as spending regular quality time with parents.
39
What are primary interventions in drug prevention?
Interventions aimed at younger people that are low-cost, such as school-based programs.
40
What is the effectiveness of school-based programs in drug prevention?
They can reduce consumption by 5-15%, but effects decay over time.
41
What are secondary interventions in drug prevention?
Targeted measures aimed at preventing the escalation of regular drug use.
42
What are examples of health and social services related to drug use?
* Opioid substitution therapy
* Needle exchange schemes
43
What does the Criminal Justice Framework view drug use as?
An activity that is criminal, legislating to prevent and punish drug production, supply, and possession.
44
What is the Public Health Framework's perspective on drug use?
It treats drug use as detrimental to health, developing interventions to discourage use.
45
What are the three modes of drug regulation according to Holloway (1995)?
* Consumer sovereignty (pre-history)
* Occupational control (middle ages)
* Bureaucratic legislation (today)
46
How was drug use viewed in pre-history?
Drugs were used for medicine, religion, and recreation without stigmatisation.
47
What shift occurred with the rise of Christianity regarding drug use?
A negative view on alcohol and drugs emerged, leading to moral condemnation.
48
What was the Rolleston report (1926) about?
It identified two groups suffering from addiction: those undergoing treatment and those who cannot be completely withdrawn.
49
What does the medical/disease model state about addiction?
Addiction is a discrete entity characterized by abnormal cravings and loss of control over consumption.
50
What was the significance of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971?
It introduced the Advisory Council, distinguished between supply and possession offences, and implemented a classification system.
51
What is the Psychological model of addiction?
It includes predisposing factors such as novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence.
52
What are social learning theories regarding drug use?
We learn about drugs through observing others, and experiences can vary based on context.
53
What was the main finding of the Rat Parks study by Bruce Alexander?
Rats in nurturing environments preferred water over morphine, indicating the importance of social connection.
54
What does the Biopsychological model emphasize?
The combined effects of drug, set, and setting on drug use behaviors.
55
What is Drug Normalisation?
The concept that recreational drug use has become normalized and is common in youth culture.
56
What are the criticisms of post-subcultural theories?
They overemphasize agency, portray youth as superficial, and lack empirical evidence.
57
What does cultural criminology focus on?
The meaning of crime, crime control, and how they are interrelated within social norms.
58
What were the findings of the North-West Longitudinal study?
It tracked motivations for drug use and showed no significant gender differences in usage.
59
What is the criticism of Drug Normalisation theory?
It dismisses social structure's influence and may overlook problematic drug use.
60
What is drug normalisation theory?
The theory suggests that drug use is widespread and no longer limited to specific groups, reflecting the post-subcultural paradigm.
## Footnote
Developed by Parker, Aldridge, and Measham, it accounts for social structures beyond social class.
61
How were women who used drugs framed prior to the 1980s?
They were framed as mentally ill, characterized as ‘mad, bad or sad’.
## Footnote
This framing reflected societal gender norms.
62
What are the two categories of women in relation to drug use according to societal perceptions?
1. Victims who are powerless
2. Villains who fail to conform to social expectations.
## Footnote
This classification highlights societal views on women's roles.
63
According to Elizabeth Ettorre, how is drug use typically framed?
As embodied deviance, where users' bodies are seen as ‘broken’ and influenced by gender and other intersections.
## Footnote
This framing affects self-image and societal perceptions.
64
What is the impact of drug use on women's bodies according to Ettorre?
Drug use is seen as ‘polluting’ and is viewed more negatively in women than in men, particularly if pregnant.
## Footnote
This reflects societal expectations of women as caregivers.
65
What did Measham et al (2011) find about drug use trends among men and women?
Men are more likely to be current drug users at all ages, while women become recent drug users by age 27.
## Footnote
This reflects structural factors like employment and relationships.
66
What is the focus of gender-selective policy provision in drug treatment?
It disproportionately targets older male opiate users while failing to address the needs of women.
## Footnote
Women require tailored advice and treatment.
67
What concerns did women express about entering women-only residential treatment services?
Concerns included past negative experiences and a preference for being around men.
## Footnote
Despite this, many valued the safety of forming relationships with other women.
68
What is chemsex?
The use of drugs to enhance sexual pleasure, often involving polydrug use.
## Footnote
It is associated with motivations like increased sexual confidence.
69
What are new psychoactive substances?
Drugs that contain one or more chemical substances producing effects similar to known drugs like cocaine and cannabis.
## Footnote
They come in various forms such as powders, pills, and smoking mixtures.
70
What is Goldstein's Tripartite Framework?
A model explaining the relationship between drug use and violence through three pathways: psychopharmacological, economic compulsive, and systemic.
## Footnote
Developed during the crack epidemic in New York.
71
What does the psychopharmacological model in Goldstein's framework suggest?
Violence may result from drug effects causing irritability or irrational behavior.
## Footnote
Withdrawal can also lead to violence.
72
What is the economic-compulsive model in Goldstein's framework?
Drug users commit crimes to obtain money for drugs, with violence occurring if challenged.
## Footnote
Nonviolent crimes include burglary and shoplifting.
73
What does the systemic model in Goldstein's framework emphasize?
The inherent violence in drug distribution systems, including disputes and retaliation.
## Footnote
This model reflects the social ecology of drug markets.
74
What is the relationship between county lines and drug-related violence?
County lines involve expanding drug distribution into rural areas, leading to increased violence.
## Footnote
Vulnerable individuals are often exploited in this process.
75
What is the impact of drugs in prison according to Crewe (2005)?
Prisoners often switch from cannabis to heroin due to detection issues, leading to competition and violence.
## Footnote
Heroin is valued higher in prison environments.
76
What is the significance of spice in prisons?
Spice is popular due to its undetectability in drug tests and can cause hallucinations, leading to violence.
## Footnote
Its use illustrates the unique challenges of drug use in prison settings.
77
What are the four possible reasons linking substance use and intimate partner violence (IPV)?
1. Psychopharmacological effects
2. Economic motivation
3. Exacerbation of other problems
4. Spurious relationship.
## Footnote
Alcohol is the most commonly associated substance with IPV.
