Drugs - Human Disease and Therapeutics Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
What is Bethanecol? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic agonist
Tx urinary retention
2
Q
What is Civemeline? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic agonist
Tx xerostomia in Sjogren’s syndrome
3
Q
What is Pilocarpine? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic agonist
Tx xerostomia after radiation therapy
4
Q
What is Carbachol? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic agonist
Tx glaucoma
5
Q
What is atropine? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic antagonist
Tx Parkinson’s, motion sickness, COPD, urinary urgency
6
Q
What is Scopalamine? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic antagonist
Tx Parkinson’s, motion sickness, COPD, urinary urgency
7
Q
What is Benztropinemesylate? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic antagonist
Tx Parkinson’s
8
Q
What is Succinylcholine? What is it used for?
A
Cholinergic antagonist – it is a depolarizing and non competitive inhibitor (it desensitizes the neuromuscular end plate)
Muscle relaxation during surgery, or to tx tetany
9
Q
What is d-tubocurare? What is it used for?
A
Cholinergic antagonist – it is a non depolarizing and competitive inhibitor
Muscle relaxation during surgery, or to tx tetany
10
Q
What is Mecamylamine? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic antagonist
Tx serious HTN
11
Q
What is Trimethaphan? What does it treat?
A
Cholinergic antagonist
Tx serious HTN
12
Q
What is Sarin?
A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Irreversible long duration nerve gas
13
Q
What is Neostigmine? What does it treat?
A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Long acting – Tx Myasthenia Gravis
14
Q
What is Edrophonium? What does it treat?
A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Short acting – Tx Myasthenia Gravis
15
Q
What is Physostigmine? What does it treat?
A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Tx Glaucoma
16
Q
What is Donepezil? What does it treat?
A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Tx Alzheimer’s
17
Q
What is Rivastigmine? What does it treat?
A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Tx Alzheimer’s
18
Q
What is Malathion? What is it used for?
A
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Used as an insecticide/pesitcide to tx lice
19
Q
What is Pralidoxime? What is it used for?
A
Binds Acetylcholinesterase, and will “kick off” any poison bound to it
20
Q
What is Glycopyrrolate? What is it used for?
A
Muscarinic antagoist
Used to decrease salivation pre-operatively
21
Q
What is Propantheline? What does it treat?
A
Muscarinic antagonist
Tx Traveler’s Diarrhea
22
Q
What is Trihexyphenidyl? What does it treat?
A
Antimuscarinic
Tx Parkinson’s
23
Q
What is Phenylephrine? What does it treat?
A
alpha 1 agonist
Tx Congestion
24
Q
What is Prazosin? What does it treat?
A
alpha 1 antagonist
Tx HTN
25
What is Clonidine? What does it treat?
alpha 2 agonist
Tx HTN (brain mechanism)
26
What is Guanfacine? What does it treat?
alpha 2 agonist
Tx ADD
27
What is Yohimbine?
alpha 2 antagonist
28
What is Isoproterenol?
non selective beta agonist
29
What is Dobumatine? What does it treat?
beta 1 agonist
Used to treat heart failure
30
What is Atenolol? What does it treat?
beta 1 antagonist
Tx HTN
31
What is Metoprolol? What does it treat?
beta 1 antagonist
Tx HTN
32
What is Propanolol? What does it treat?
non selective beta antagonist
Tx HTN
33
What is Albuterol? What does it treat?
beta 2 agonist
Tx asthma, COPD
34
What is Terbutaline? What does it treat?
beta 2 agonist
Tx asthma, COPD
35
What is Fenoldapam? What does it treat?
Dopamine agonist
Tx shock and heart failure
36
What is Haloperidol? What does it treat?
Dopamine antagonist (typical antipsychotic)
Tx Schizophrenia
37
What is used to treat Partial and Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures?
Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Topiramate, Valproic Acid
38
What is used to treat Absence seizures?
Valproic acid (for atypical), Ethosuximide (for uncomplicated)
39
What is used to treat Status Epilepticus?
Diazepam, Phenytoin
40
What is used to treat Parkison's?
L+DOPA with Carbidopa
Benztropine (anticholinergic to tx sialorrhea)
Trihexyphenidyl (anticholinergic to tx sialorrhea)
Selegeline (MAO inhibitor to prevent metabolism of DA)
Entacapone (COMT inhibitor to prevent degradation of neurotransmitters)
Pramipexole (DA agonist - used to treat early before L-DOPA)
41
What is used to treat Huntington's disease?
```
DA antagonists (Haloperidol, Olanzepine)
SSRI's for depression
```
42
What is used to treat Alzheimer's disease?
```
Donepezil (Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)
Antipsychotics (Olanzepine, Quetiapine)
Antidepressants (SSRI's and TCAs)
Physical/Metnal Exercise (?)
NSAIDS (?)
```
43
What is used to treat Multiple Sclerosis?
```
Prednisone (long acting steroid)
Methotrexate (immunosuppression)
Tamsulosin/Flomax (bladder dysfunction)
Metamucin/PSyllium (bowel dysfunction)
Fluoxetine/Prozac (SSRI)
Modafinil (for fatigue)
Gabapentin/Neurontin (antiseizure for pain)
Clonazepam/Klonpin (sedative for tremor)
```
44
What is used to treat neuropathic pain?
Gabapentin/Neurontin (antiseizure)
Pregabalin/Lyrica (antiseizure)
Cymbalta/Duloxetin (antidepressant/mixed neurotransmitter uptake blocker)
Nortryptiline (antidepressant/NE blocker)
Tramadol/Ultram (non-opioid but some minor addiction?)
Corticosteroids
Endogenous opiod systems
45
What are the nonselective COX inhibitors? What are the side effects of nonselective COX inhibitors?
Salicylates, Ibuprofen
Tinnitus, Respiratory Alkalosis (Salicylates), Reye's syndrome, anticlotting, GI ulcers, increased risk of heart attack, renal effects
46
What is a selective COX 2 inhibitor? What are some side effects of it?
Celecoxib
Renal and CV effects
47
What is Ketoprofen/Orudis?
An ibuprofen like NSAID
More potent so you can use a lower dose
48
What is Naproxen/Alleve?
An ibuprofen like NSAID
Longer lasting, slower actig
49
What is Indomethacin? What does it treat?
An ibuprofen like NSAID
Potent non selective NSAID but has a lot of side effects
Tx Rheumatoid arthritis and chronic TMJ
50
What is Meloxicam?
An ibuprofen like NSAID
Inhibits COX 2 more than COX 1 so there is less GI and anticlotting problems
51
What is Diflusinal/Doloboid?
An ibuprofen like NSAID
Related to salicylates, and better for bony pain
52
What is acetaminophen/Tylenol? What are some side effects of it?
Not a COX 1 or 2 inhibitor (Non NSAID) so not an anti-inflammatory but it has antipyretic and analgesic effects
Sedative in children, liver toxin in high doses
53
What is Fentanyl? What is the dose?
An opioid narcotic
.1 mg
54
What is Morphine? What is the dose?
An opioid narcotic
10 mg
55
What is Hydromorphone? What is the dose?
An opioid narcotic
1.5 mg
56
What is Oxymoprhone? What is the dose?
An opioid narcotic
1 mg
57
What is Codeine? What is the dose?
An opioid narcotic
200 mg
58
What is Hydrocodone? What is the dose?
An opioid narcotic
30 mg
59
What is Oxycodone? What is the dose?
An opioid narcotic
20 mg
60
What is Vicodin?
Acetaminophen and hydrocodone
61
What is Percodan?
Aspirin and oxycodone
62
What is Meperidine/Demerol? What is it good for?
An opioid narcotic
Good for major oral surgery, for moderate pain
63
What is Pentazocine/Talwin? Why is it good for?
An opioid narcotic
Mixed agonist/antagonist, causes dysphoria which discrouages abuse, for moderate pain
64
What is Methadone? What is it used for?
An opioid narcotic
Used to treat opioid addiction, for moderate to strong pain
65
What is Buprenorphine?
An opioid narcotic
Mixed agonist/antagonist
66
What are the properties of opioids? What are some major megative opioid side effects? What are the contraindications?
Analgesia, antitussive, antidiarrheal
Respiratory depression and decreased pulmonary reflex, constipation and slow bowel movement, sedation and synergism with other CNS depressants, euphoria/dependence/addiction
History of substance abuse, severe constipation or upset stomach, respiratory problems, allergies
67
What is the reversal agent for opioids?
Naloxone/Narcan (mu antagonist)
68
What are some contraindications for the use of NSAIDs?
Anticoagulants (Coumadin/Warfarin, Joint replacement, Heart Attack or Stroke, Major Surgery, Atrial Fibrillation)
Ulcers, hematemesis, bleeding in stools, chronic stomach problems, hemophiliac
Already taking high doses (like in arthritis)
Child or adolescent
Allergy
Kidney disease
69
What is used to treat Schizophrenia?
Typical Antipsychotics:
Phenothiazines: Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine
Butyrophones: Haloperidol
Atypical Antipsychotics: Clozapine, Quietiapine, Olanzepine *these have fewer side effects are are more effective against negative symptoms*
- except clozapine has serious agranulocytosis
70
What is used to treat mood disorders?
```
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Phenelzine, Selegiline
Tricyclic Antidepressants: Amytryptiline, Desipramine, Doxepin
Monoamine Uptake Blockers:
SSRI's:
Fluoxetine/Prozac
Sertraline/Zoloft
NE/mixed:
Venlafaxine/Effexor
Duloxetine/Cymbalta
```
71
What is used to treat Bipolar disorder?
Lithium carbonate
Valrpoic acid
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
72
What is used to treat Anxiety Disorder?
```
Behavioral management
Sedatives
Benzo-like: Ambien
Barbiturates
Buspirone/Buspar (non sedating and low abuse potential)
```
Venlafaxine and Paxil (antidepressant for panic attacks)
73
What are the Sedative Benzodiazepines? (longer acting)
Dizepam/Valium
Alprazolam/Xanax
Midazolam
74
What are the Hypnotic Benzodiazepines? (shorter acting)
Lorazepam/Ativan
| Triazolam/Halcion
75
What are the Barbiturates? What are some concerns of Barbiturates?
Pentothal (short acting)
Phenobarbital (long acting)
Narrow margin of safety, highly addictive and many side effects, no analgesia
76
What is used to treat Phobic Disorders?
Counseling and behavior management
| Sertraline/Zoloft (SSRI)
77
What is used to treat ADHD/ADD?
```
Stimulants:
Amphetamines/Adderall
Methylphenidate/Ritalin
Non-Stimulants:
Modafinil
Atomoxetine (NE uptake blocker)
```
78
What is used to treat Autism Spectrum disorder?
```
Counseling/Behavioral management
Atypical antipsychotics (Clozapine, Quitiapine, Olanzepine) and SSRI's for psychotic or aggressive behavior
```
79
What is used to treat eating disorders?
Supportive psychotherapy
| Fluoxetine/Prozac
80
What is the reversal agent for Benzodiazepines?
Flumazenil
81
What are some other drugs used for IV anesthesia? What are some properties of these drugs?
Propofol: NOT ANALGESIC, short duration
Ketamine: dissociative anesthesia, increases CNS blood flow, unpleasant emergence
82
What inhaled anesthetics have a low coefficient of blood solubility and will need a higher concentration for effects?
Nitrous oxide and Desflurane -- but this also means there is a rapid induction and recovery times
83
What inhaled anesthetics has a high coefficient of blood solubility and only needs a lower concentration for effects?
Halothane and Isoflurane -- but this also means that they have moderate induction and recovery times
84
What is a contraindication of Halothane? What are some
Liver damage -- because it has a hepatotoxic metabolite (unlike other inhaled anesthetics that are eliminated by ventilation only)
85
What is used as skeletal muscle relaxants?
```
D-tubocurare
Rocuronium
Diazepam (spasmolytic)
Baclofen (spasmolytic)
Botulinum toxin (spasmolytic)
```
86
What is used to treat alcohol use disorder?
Disulfuram
Naltrexon
Acamprosate
Antidepressant (?)
87
What are the 6 different classes of antihypertensive drugs?
```
Diuretics
Drugs that alter sympathetic tone
Arteriole dilators
Calcium Channel Blockers
Angiotensin Affectors (ACE inhibitors)
Ganglionic blocking
```
88
What is hydrochlorthiazide? What is it used to treat? What are some concerns with the use of hydrochlorthiazide?
It is a thiazide diuretic and is used to treat hypertension. Be aware of electrolyte imbalances (especially potassium so have them eat bananas) and that this drug can cause glucose intolerance/hyperglycemia and problems with diabetes.
89
What is furosemide? What is it used to treat? What are some concerns with the use of furosemide?
It is a loop diuretic and is used to treat hypertension. Be aware that this drug is more potent and will have more potent side effects
90
What is spironolactone, amiloride and triamsterene? What is it used to treat? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?
They are aldosterone blocking diuretics and are used to treat hypertension. Be aware that this is a potatssium spring drug and is usually combined with other diuretics, but do not use with ACE inhibitor antiHTN because it will worsen hyperkalemia
91
What is mannitol? What is it used to treat?
It is an osmotic diuretic used to treat HTN
92
What is acetazolamine? What is it used to treat?
It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and is used to treat HTN
93
Which drugs alter sympathetic tone to treat HTN?
Beta blockers: Propanol, atenolol, metoprolol
Alpha blockers: Prazosin, phentolamine/phenoxybenzamine
Alpha 2 agonist: Clonidine
Alpha and Beta blocker: Labetatol
Guanethidine
94
How does clonidine work to reduce blood pressure?
Through centrally (brain) acting mechanisms
95
How does Guanethidine work to reduce blood pressure?
Inhibits release of NE from sympathetic nerve endings -- works by depleting NE stores (NE can act as an agonist on sympathetic nerves)
96
Which drugs are vasodilators and are used to treat HTN?
Hydralazine, Minoxidil, Diazoxide, Nitroprusside, Nitroglycerine
97
How does Hydralazine work to reduce blood pressure?
It hyperpolarizes smooth muscle by opening K+ channels
98
Which drugs are calcium channel blockers used to treat HTN? How do they work?
Verapimil and Diltiazem
By inhibiting the movement of calcium through channels, they slow down the heart and widen blood vessels
99
What is Captopril? How does it work? What are some concerns with the use of Captopril?
It is a Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor. It inhibits the conversion of Angiotensin I into II and increases bradykinin, which causes vasodilation.
Captopril can cause a dry cough or hyperkalemia if combined with K-sparring diuretics
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure.[3] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone[3] from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance), which also increases blood pressure.
100
What is mecamylamine? What is it used for and what are some concernse with its use?
It is a ganglionic blocking drug (nicotinic receptors). It is rarely used because of its serious side effects
101
What classes of drugs are used to treat angina? How do these drugs work?
Nitrates -- vasodlator
Calcium channel blockers -- decrease O2 demand and prophylactic use
Beta blockers -- decreases 02 demands and prophylactic use
These drugs cause vasodilation (increase flow) and decrease oxygen consumption
102
Which drugs are Nitrates that are used to treat angina, and what are some side effects of their use?
Nitroglycerin, Amyl Nitrate
Orthostatic hypotension, Tachycardia, Throbbing headache, Tolerance
103
What drugs are calcium channel blockers and are used to treat angina? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?
Verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem
Cardiac depression + bradycardia --> heart failure
Flushing and dizziness
104
What drugs are beta blockers and are used to treat angina? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?
Propanolol, Atenolol, Metopolol
Astham and Acute Heart Failure
105
Which classes of drugs are used to treat hypercholestermia?
```
Statins
Fibrates
Niacin
Bile Acid Binding
Inhibitors of Sterol Absorption
```
106
What are some examples of Statins used to lower cholesterol and how do they work? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?
Lovastatin, Atorvastatin, Simvastatin
Competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (which synthesizes cholesterol)... most effect on LDL
Liver damage, weakness in skeletal muscles
107
What is Fenobrate? What is it used for? How does it work? What are some concerns with the use of this drug?
Fenobrate is a Fibrate used to treat hypercholestermia. It increases lipolysis in the liver and muscles, and mostly reduces VLDL with a modest effect on LDL.
It can cause some GI toxicity/symptoms
108
What is Niacin used for? How does it work? What are some side effects of its use?
It is a drug to lower cholesterol. It decreases triglycerides and LDL.
Can cause flushing. Tolerance develops.
109
What is Cholesteramine? What is it used for? How does it work? What are some side effects of its use?
It is a bile acid binding drug used to lower cholesterol. It reduces the reabsorption of bile acids and metabolite.
It can cause constipation and bloating
110
What is Exetimibe? What is it used for? How does it work?
It inhibits intestinal sterol absorption, and reduces LDL
111
Which classes of drugs are used to treat heart failure?
```
Positive Ionotropic Drugs
Beta 1 agonists
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Vasodilators
Beta 1 blockers
```
112
What are some examples of positive ionotropic drugs? What are they used for? How does they work? What are some side effects of their use?
Digitalis, Milrinon
Increases intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility to it increase blook ejection from the heart
Can causes premature depolarizations and arrythmias, ectopic beats
113
What Beta 1 agonist is used to treat heart failure? What is a side effect of its use?
Dobutamine
Can cause arrythmias
114
Which vasodilator is used to treat heart failure?
Hydralazine
115
Which beta 1 blocker is used to treat heart failure?
Metoprolol
116
Which classes of drugs are used to treat cardiac arrhythmias?
Na+ channel blockers
Beta 1 blockers
Drugs that prolong the refractory phase
Ca2+ channel blockers
117
What are some Na+ channel blockers used to treat cardiac arrythmias? How do they work?
Pracainamide (almost never 1st choice)
Quinidine
Lidocaine (1st choice)
They slow action potential conduction
118
Which Beta 1 blocker is used to treat cardiac arrythmias?
Propanolol
119
What is amiodarone? What does it treat? What is a side of effect of its use?
It prolongs the refractory phase in the heart and is used to treat cardiac arrythmias.
A side effect is pulmonary fibrosis
120
Which calcium channel blockers are used to treat cardiac arrythmias?
Verapamil and Diltiazem
121
What are the optimal values of cholesterol?
Total < 200 mg/dl
LDL= 70-130 mg/dl
HDL = >40-50 mg/dl
Triglycerides= <150 mg/dl
122
What are the different classes of drugs used to treat Asthma?
Relievers
Controllors
Add-ons
123
What are some relievers for asthma?
Beta 2 agonists like albuterol and salmeterol
124
What are some controllers for asthma?
Fluticasone (inhaled corticosteroid) or oral prednisone as a last resort
125
What is Theophylline? What is it used for? How does it work?
It is a add on methylxanthine drug for asthma. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and increase cAMP and relaxes airway smooth muscle
126
What is ipratropium? What is it used for? How does it work?
It is an add on antimuscarinic drug for asthma.
127
What is montelukast? What is it used for?
It is an add on leukotriene modifier for asthma
128
What is cromolyn? What is it used for? How does it work?
It is an add on drug for asthma. It inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators (like histamine)
129
What is Omalizumab? What is it used for? How does it work?
It is an add on drug for asthma. It inhibits IgE binding to mast cells but is very expensive
130
Which drugs are used to treat COPD?
Tiotropium bromide, salmeterol, and theophylline with glucocorticoids
131
What is oseltamivir? What is is used for?
It is used to treat both influenza A and B! IT prevents separation of virus particles from cell receptors
132
What is used to treat allergic reactions?
Antihistamines and epinephrine
133
What are some examples of antihistamines?
Diphenhydramine
| Chlorpheniramine
134
What is used to treat calcium oxylate kidney stones?
Hydrochlorthiazide
135
What is used to treat struvite kidney stones?
TMP-SMX and Acetohydroxamic acid
136
What is used to treat uric acid kidney stones?
Allopurinol and sodium bicarbonate
137
What is used to treat cysteine kidney stones?
Sodium bicarbonate
138
What can be used to treat an UTI?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid
Ciprofloxacin
139
What drugs are patients that are on hemodialysis usually taking?
Anti-hypertensive drugs like atenolol, captopril, furosemide
Heparin
Prophylactic ABX
140
What is Heparin? What pathway and clotting factors does it affect?
It is an anti-clotting drug. It affects the intrinsic pathway (PTT) and factors 8,9,11 and 12
141
What is Warfarin? What pathway and clotting factors does it affect?
It is an anti-clotting drug. It affects the extrinsin pathway (PT) and factors 2, 7, 9, 10 by antagonizing Vitamin K, which is needed for the synthesis of these factors.
142
What is Dabigatran? What pathway does it affect?
It is an alternative anti-clotting drug. It affects PTT, but has a distinct mechanism from heparin and warfarin so it is more popular.
143
What is Abciximab? How does it work?
It is an anti-clotting drug. It is a glycoprotein inhibitor to prevent clot formation
144
What is Bivalirudin/Abjiomax? How does it work?
It is an anti-clotting drug and works by inhibiting thrombin.
145
What is Rivaroxaban? How does it work?
It is an anti-clotting drug and works by inhibiting factor Xa
146
What is Streptokinase? How does it work?
It is a thrombolytic inhibitor, and can recanalize the occluded coronary artery by dissolving the clot
147
What are some antiplatelet agents?
Cox inhibitors
148
What drugs can stop bleeding?
Vitamin K or purified clotting factors
149
What are some hematopoietic factors?
B12, folic acid, irion, erythopoietin
150
What is Lispro? What is it used for?
It is a type of insulin, and is rapid acting with early peak action so it is taken immediately before a meal
151
What is Humulin R? What is it used for?
It is a type of insulin, but is short acting. Crystalline zinc is added to delay the onset and lengthen the duration
152
What is neutral protein hagedorn? What is it used for?
It is a type of insulin, and is immediate acting so it has peptide called protamine for delayed release after injection.
153
What is glargine? What is it used for?
It is a type of insuline, and is a long acting sustained insulin with no peaks or valleys. It is a good background insulin
154
What is detemir? What is it used for?
It is a type of insulin, and is a long acting insulin
155
What are some side of effects of insulin?
Hypglycemia = Tachycardia, perspiration, tremors, hunger, confusion, seizures, coma
156
What are some classes of hypoglycemic drugs used to treat Type II diabetes?
```
Insulin secretagogues
Biguanides
DDP-4 inhibitor
Acabose
Thiazolidinediones
Glucagon (*sort of)
```
157
What is Tolbutamide and Glipizide? How do they work?
They are types of sulfonylureas, which are insulin secretagogues which are used to treat Type II Diabete. They increase the release of insuline from beta cells
158
What is Metformin-Glucophage? How does it work?
It is a Biguanide that is used to treat Type II diabetes. Its mechanism is not fully understood, but has no effect on insulin production of pancreas and will not provoke hypoglycemia when used alone
159
What is Sitagliptin? How does it work?
It is a DDP-4 inhibitor used to treat Type II Diabetes, and ulitmately stimulates insulin synthesis and release.
160
What is Acabose? How does it work?
It is another hypoglycemic drug used to treat Type II Diabetes. It slows digestion and absorption of starch
161
What is Rosaglitazone? How does it work?
It is a Thiazolidinediones, which is used to treat TYpe II diabetes. It reduces insuline resistance, especially in muscel and fats
162
What is Glucagon? How does it work?
It is a drug used to treat severe hypoglycemia, because it increase gluconeogenesis
163
What can be used to as appetite suppressants for weight management?
Amphetamines like Phenteramine, Topiramate +Phentermine
| Other drugs like Oristat, Belviq
164
What is Phenteramine? How does it work?
It is an amphetamine for weight management and works by inhibiting NE and dopamine uptake
165
What is Oristat? How does it work?
It is for weight management , and works by inhibting lipase to diminish fat absorption in intestines
166
What is Belviq? How does it work?
It is for weight management, and works as a 5-HT agonist
167
What drugs are used to treat hyperthyroidism/Grave's disease?
Thiomides
Iodides
Beta blockers
Radioactive iodine
168
What is Propylthiouracil? How does it work?
It is a Thiomide, used to treat hyperthyroidism/Grave's disease. It inhibits thryoid peroxidase reaction and blocks synthesis of T4/T3
169
What is Lugol Solution? How does it work?
It is an iodide use to treat hypertension/Grave's disease. It inhibits release of T4/T3.
170
Which Beta blocker is used to treat hyperthyroidism/Grave's disease and how does it work?
Propanolol. It inhibits the conversion of T4 into T3
171
How does radioactive iodine treat hyperthyroidism/Graves disease?
It destroys the parenchyma
172
How is hypothyroidism treated?
With thryoid replacement like Synthroid or levothroid
173
What is Denosumab? What does it treat and how does it work?
It is used to treat osteoporosis, and is an antibody that blocks osteoclast activity
174
What is Teraparatide? What does it treat and how does it work?
It is used to treat osteoporosis, and activates osteoblasts
175
How are Estrogens beneficial for treating osteoporosis? And what should be given wtih estrogens to help protect against venous thrombi?
Prevent bone loss in early postmenopasual period. Use with progestin
176
What are Ibandronate/Boniva and Alendronate/Fosamax? What do they treat and how do they work?
They are Bisphosphonates used to treat osteoporosis. They suppress activity of osteoclasts
177
What can promote osteoporosis?
Glucocorticoids -- they inhibit Vitamin D stimulated calcium absortion and stimulate renal secretion of calcium (low calcium in blood stimulates secretion of more PTH)
178
What is used to treat Paget's disease of bone?
Calcitonin
179
What is used to treat Addison's disease?
Hydrocortisone
180
What is used to treat Cushing's disease?
Ketoconazole (inhibits steroid synthesis)
| Metyrapone (inhibits cortisol synthesis)
181
Which drugs are synthetic forms of estrogen? How are they different from each other?
Ethinyl estradiol is steroidal
| Diethystillbesterol is nonsteroidal
182
What is the "minipill"?
Progestin
183
What two hormones are combined in combination contraceptive drugs?
Progesterone and Estrogen
184
What is Tamoxifen? What is it used for?
A partial estrogen antagonist, used to treat breast cancer
185
What is Mifepristone? What is it used for?
Estrogen antagonist + glucocorticoid receptors to prevent implantation (morning after/Plan B pill)
186
What is Danazol?
Suppresses ovarian function, but has masculinizing effects
187
What is Clomiphene? What is it used for?
Partial estrogen agonist, and is used to promote ovulation and pregnancy
188
What is Oxytocin used for?
Induce/augment labor
189
What is Metocopramide? What is it used for?
A D2 antagonist, used to stimulate prolactin (and thus lactation)
190
What is Methotrexate?
A DMARD
191
What is Sulfasalazine?
A DMARD
192
What is Etanercept? How does it work?
A DMARD, works by inhibiting and blocking TNF
193
What is Infliximab? How does it work?
A DMARD, works by inhibiting and blocking TNF
194
Which classes of drugs are used to treat acne?
Topical Keratolytics, ABX, Retinoids, Estrogen/Progesterone
195
What is Salicylic acid? What is it used for?
It is a topical keratolytic, used to treat acne
196
What is Benzoyl Peroxide? What is it used for?
It is a topical keraolytic, used to treat acne
197
What ABX can be used to treat acne?
Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Clidamycin
198
What is Tretinoin/Retin A? What is it used for?
It is a Vitamin A derivative, used topically to treat acne
199
What is Isotretinoin/Accutane? What is it used for? What are some concerns when using this drug?
It is a Vitamin A derivative, used systemically to treat acne. It can cause serious birth defects if user becomes pregnant!
200
What drugs can be used as antispasmolytics?
```
Diazepam
Baclofen
Dantrolene
Carisoprodol
D-tubocurare
Pnacuronium
Succinylcholine
```
201
What is Baclofen? How does it work?
It is a antispasmolytic, it is a GABA B agonist
202
What is Dantrolene? How does it work?
It is a antispasmolytic, it alters Ca2+ trafficking
203
What is Carisoprodol? What are some concerns with its use?
It is a antispasmolytic, it may have dependence problems
204
What is good for treating Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? What type of drug is it?
Acyclovir, it is a viral thymidine kinase dependent drug
205
What is good for treating Varicella Zoster Virus infections?
Famciclovir, it is a viral thymidine kinase dependent drug
206
Which antiviral is a non-thymidine kinase dependent drug? Why is this a good thing?
Foscarnet
| There is less of a resistance problem
207
What are some topical drugs used to treat HSV?
Denavir (pencicyclovir)
| Zorax (acyclovir)
208
What classes of drugs are used to treat glaucoma?
```
Cholinergic agonist
Beta blockers
Prostaglandins
Alpha agonist
Carbonic anhydrase inhbitors
```
209
What cholinergic agonist is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?
Pilocarpine, it increase the outflow of aqueous humor
210
What beta blocker is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?
Timolol, it decreases secretion of aqueous humor
211
What Prostaglandin is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?
Lantanoprost, it increase outflow of aqueous humor
212
What alpha agonist is used to treat glaucoma?What are its effects?
Epinephrine, it increase outflow and decreases secretion of aqueous humor
213
What carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?
Acetazolamide, it decreases secretion of aqueous humor
214
What classes of drugs are used to treat Meneire's diseae?
H1 blocker/anticholinergic/CNS depressant
Anxioytic
Long acting steroids
Diuretic
215
What are the H1 blocker/anticholinergic/CNS depressant is used to treat Meniere's disease? What are the effect of these drugs? What is a side effect of their use?
Meclizine
Promethazine
Antinausea, anti-motion sickness
These drugs cause xerostomia
216
What anxiolytic is used to treat Meniere's diseae?
Diazepam
217
What long acting steroid is used to treat Meniere's disease?
Dexamethasone
218
What diuretic is used to treat Meniere's disease?
Hydochlorthiazide
219
What is used to treat otitis media?
Amoxicillin
Augmentin
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
220
What are the different classes of drugs used as anticancer drugs?
```
Alkylating agents
Nitrosureas
Platinum analogs
Antimetabolites
Natrual Products
Antitumor ABX
Erlotineb and Imatinib
```
221
What is Cyclophosphamide? What is it used for?
Alkylating agent used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma, Leukemia, Breast Cancer and Multiple Myeloma
222
What is Procarbazine and Decarbazine? What are they used for?
They are Nitrosureas
Together they treat Hodgkin's Lymphoma and brain tumors because they are highly lipophilic
Decarbazine is used to treat Melanoma, Lymphoma and Soft tissue sarcomas
223
What is Cisplatin? What is it used for?
Platinum analog, used to treat a variety of solid tumors
224
What is Methotrexate? What is it used for?
It is a folic acid analog that is a antimetabolite, used to treat Head, Neck and Breast cancers (also RA)
225
What is 5-fluorouracil? What is it used for?
It inhibits thymidine synthesis (antimetabolite), used to treat Head, Neck, GI cancers and basal cell carcinoma
226
What is Vinblastine and Vincristine? How do they work?
These are natural products used to treat cancer. They inhibit tubulin polymerization, and halt cell division
227
What is Etoposide? How does it work?
It is a natural product used to treat cancer. It is from the mandrake plant and inhibits topoisomerase II
228
What is Doxorubicin and Bleomycin? What are they used for?
They are anthracylines, which is an antitumor ABX. used to treat Hodkin's lymphoma
229
What is Erlotineb? How does it work/
It is an anticancer drug that antagonizes epidermal growth factor receptors
230
What is Imatinib? How does it work? What is it used for?
It is an anticancer drug that blocks a form of tyrosine kinase and inhibits oncogenes. It is effective against CML
231
What is used to treat GERD?
Eat small meals, reduce fat/weight, elevate head, avoid aspirin and other NSAIDS
232
What are magnesium salts used for? What is a side effect of their use?
Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis
| Can cause diarrhea
233
What is Bicarbonate used for? What is a side effect of its use?
Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis
| Can cause gas
234
What is Calcium carbonate used for? What is a side effect of its use?
Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis
| Is chalky and can cause constipation
235
What are aluminum salts used for?
Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis but are not very effective
236
What are the H2 blockers used to treat relux esophagitis? How do they work?
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Work by reducing gastric secretions
237
What are some proton pump inhibitors used to treat relux esophagitis? How do they work?
Omaprazole +sodium bicarbonate for fast release
Lansoprazole
Esomeprazole
Blocks H+ exchange in parietal cells to reduce gastric secretion
238
What different classes of drugs are used to treat Peptic ulcer disease? How do they work?
Antacids
PPI's
H2 blockers
They suppress acidity to allow sores to heal
239
What is used to treat H. pylori related Peptic Ulcer Disease?
Prevpac = Lansoprazole, Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin
| Milk of Magnesia
240
What is used to treat constipation?
Laxatives
241
What is Bisacoyl? How does it work?
A laxative used to treat constipation
| Works by stimulating smooth muscle
242
What is Docusate? How does it work?
A laxative to treat constipation
| Water retention to soften stools
243
What is used to treat diarrhea?
Opioid agonist
Bismuth subsalicylate
Anticholinergic agents
244
What opoid agonist is used to treat diarrhea?
Loperamine and Imodium
245
What anticholinergic agent is used to treat diarrhea?
Atropine
246
What is used to treat IBS with constipation? How does it work?
Linaclotine
| Gaunylate cyclase C agonist -- Increase bowel movement and fluid secretion, reduces pain
247
What is used to treat Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis?
Antifinflammatories - Mesalamine or Corticosteroids
| ABX - Metronidazole
248
What is used to treat Myasthenia Gravis?
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - Pyridostigmine
| Immunosuppression - Prednisone, Rituximab
249
What is used to treat macular degeneration?
Antioxidants like Viatmin C and Zinc Oxide
250
What is used as antismoking medications?
Nicotine replacement
Bupropion
Varenicline
