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HD+T - My Deck > Drugs - Human Disease and Therapeutics > Flashcards

Drugs - Human Disease and Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bethanecol? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic agonist

Tx urinary retention

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2
Q

What is Civemeline? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic agonist

Tx xerostomia in Sjogren’s syndrome

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3
Q

What is Pilocarpine? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic agonist

Tx xerostomia after radiation therapy

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4
Q

What is Carbachol? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic agonist

Tx glaucoma

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5
Q

What is atropine? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic antagonist

Tx Parkinson’s, motion sickness, COPD, urinary urgency

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6
Q

What is Scopalamine? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic antagonist

Tx Parkinson’s, motion sickness, COPD, urinary urgency

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7
Q

What is Benztropinemesylate? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic antagonist

Tx Parkinson’s

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8
Q

What is Succinylcholine? What is it used for?

A

Cholinergic antagonist – it is a depolarizing and non competitive inhibitor (it desensitizes the neuromuscular end plate)

Muscle relaxation during surgery, or to tx tetany

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9
Q

What is d-tubocurare? What is it used for?

A

Cholinergic antagonist – it is a non depolarizing and competitive inhibitor

Muscle relaxation during surgery, or to tx tetany

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10
Q

What is Mecamylamine? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic antagonist

Tx serious HTN

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11
Q

What is Trimethaphan? What does it treat?

A

Cholinergic antagonist

Tx serious HTN

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12
Q

What is Sarin?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Irreversible long duration nerve gas

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13
Q

What is Neostigmine? What does it treat?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Long acting – Tx Myasthenia Gravis

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14
Q

What is Edrophonium? What does it treat?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Short acting – Tx Myasthenia Gravis

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15
Q

What is Physostigmine? What does it treat?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Tx Glaucoma

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16
Q

What is Donepezil? What does it treat?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Tx Alzheimer’s

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17
Q

What is Rivastigmine? What does it treat?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Tx Alzheimer’s

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18
Q

What is Malathion? What is it used for?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Used as an insecticide/pesitcide to tx lice

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19
Q

What is Pralidoxime? What is it used for?

A

Binds Acetylcholinesterase, and will “kick off” any poison bound to it

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20
Q

What is Glycopyrrolate? What is it used for?

A

Muscarinic antagoist

Used to decrease salivation pre-operatively

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21
Q

What is Propantheline? What does it treat?

A

Muscarinic antagonist

Tx Traveler’s Diarrhea

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22
Q

What is Trihexyphenidyl? What does it treat?

A

Antimuscarinic

Tx Parkinson’s

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23
Q

What is Phenylephrine? What does it treat?

A

alpha 1 agonist

Tx Congestion

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24
Q

What is Prazosin? What does it treat?

A

alpha 1 antagonist

Tx HTN

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25
Q

What is Clonidine? What does it treat?

A

alpha 2 agonist

Tx HTN (brain mechanism)

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26
Q

What is Guanfacine? What does it treat?

A

alpha 2 agonist

Tx ADD

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27
Q

What is Yohimbine?

A

alpha 2 antagonist

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28
Q

What is Isoproterenol?

A

non selective beta agonist

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29
Q

What is Dobumatine? What does it treat?

A

beta 1 agonist

Used to treat heart failure

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30
Q

What is Atenolol? What does it treat?

A

beta 1 antagonist

Tx HTN

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31
Q

What is Metoprolol? What does it treat?

A

beta 1 antagonist

Tx HTN

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32
Q

What is Propanolol? What does it treat?

A

non selective beta antagonist

Tx HTN

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33
Q

What is Albuterol? What does it treat?

A

beta 2 agonist

Tx asthma, COPD

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34
Q

What is Terbutaline? What does it treat?

A

beta 2 agonist

Tx asthma, COPD

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35
Q

What is Fenoldapam? What does it treat?

A

Dopamine agonist

Tx shock and heart failure

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36
Q

What is Haloperidol? What does it treat?

A

Dopamine antagonist (typical antipsychotic)

Tx Schizophrenia

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37
Q

What is used to treat Partial and Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures?

A

Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Topiramate, Valproic Acid

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38
Q

What is used to treat Absence seizures?

A

Valproic acid (for atypical), Ethosuximide (for uncomplicated)

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39
Q

What is used to treat Status Epilepticus?

A

Diazepam, Phenytoin

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40
Q

What is used to treat Parkison’s?

A

L+DOPA with Carbidopa
Benztropine (anticholinergic to tx sialorrhea)
Trihexyphenidyl (anticholinergic to tx sialorrhea)
Selegeline (MAO inhibitor to prevent metabolism of DA)
Entacapone (COMT inhibitor to prevent degradation of neurotransmitters)
Pramipexole (DA agonist - used to treat early before L-DOPA)

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41
Q

What is used to treat Huntington’s disease?

A 
DA antagonists (Haloperidol, Olanzepine)
SSRI's for depression
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42
Q

What is used to treat Alzheimer’s disease?

A 
Donepezil (Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)
Antipsychotics (Olanzepine, Quetiapine)
Antidepressants (SSRI's and TCAs)
Physical/Metnal Exercise (?)
NSAIDS (?)
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43
Q

What is used to treat Multiple Sclerosis?

A 
Prednisone (long acting steroid)
Methotrexate (immunosuppression) 
Tamsulosin/Flomax (bladder dysfunction)
Metamucin/PSyllium (bowel dysfunction)
Fluoxetine/Prozac  (SSRI)
Modafinil (for fatigue)
Gabapentin/Neurontin (antiseizure for pain)
Clonazepam/Klonpin (sedative for tremor)
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44
Q

What is used to treat neuropathic pain?

A

Gabapentin/Neurontin (antiseizure)
Pregabalin/Lyrica (antiseizure)
Cymbalta/Duloxetin (antidepressant/mixed neurotransmitter uptake blocker)
Nortryptiline (antidepressant/NE blocker)
Tramadol/Ultram (non-opioid but some minor addiction?)
Corticosteroids
Endogenous opiod systems

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45
Q

What are the nonselective COX inhibitors? What are the side effects of nonselective COX inhibitors?

A

Salicylates, Ibuprofen

Tinnitus, Respiratory Alkalosis (Salicylates), Reye’s syndrome, anticlotting, GI ulcers, increased risk of heart attack, renal effects

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46
Q

What is a selective COX 2 inhibitor? What are some side effects of it?

A

Celecoxib

Renal and CV effects

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47
Q

What is Ketoprofen/Orudis?

A

An ibuprofen like NSAID

More potent so you can use a lower dose

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48
Q

What is Naproxen/Alleve?

A

An ibuprofen like NSAID

Longer lasting, slower actig

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49
Q

What is Indomethacin? What does it treat?

A

An ibuprofen like NSAID

Potent non selective NSAID but has a lot of side effects

Tx Rheumatoid arthritis and chronic TMJ

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50
Q

What is Meloxicam?

A

An ibuprofen like NSAID

Inhibits COX 2 more than COX 1 so there is less GI and anticlotting problems

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51
Q

What is Diflusinal/Doloboid?

A

An ibuprofen like NSAID

Related to salicylates, and better for bony pain

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52
Q

What is acetaminophen/Tylenol? What are some side effects of it?

A

Not a COX 1 or 2 inhibitor (Non NSAID) so not an anti-inflammatory but it has antipyretic and analgesic effects

Sedative in children, liver toxin in high doses

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53
Q

What is Fentanyl? What is the dose?

A

An opioid narcotic

.1 mg

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54
Q

What is Morphine? What is the dose?

A

An opioid narcotic

10 mg

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55
Q

What is Hydromorphone? What is the dose?

A

An opioid narcotic

1.5 mg

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56
Q

What is Oxymoprhone? What is the dose?

A

An opioid narcotic

1 mg

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57
Q

What is Codeine? What is the dose?

A

An opioid narcotic

200 mg

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58
Q

What is Hydrocodone? What is the dose?

A

An opioid narcotic

30 mg

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59
Q

What is Oxycodone? What is the dose?

A

An opioid narcotic

20 mg

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60
Q

What is Vicodin?

A

Acetaminophen and hydrocodone

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61
Q

What is Percodan?

A

Aspirin and oxycodone

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62
Q

What is Meperidine/Demerol? What is it good for?

A

An opioid narcotic

Good for major oral surgery, for moderate pain

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63
Q

What is Pentazocine/Talwin? Why is it good for?

A

An opioid narcotic

Mixed agonist/antagonist, causes dysphoria which discrouages abuse, for moderate pain

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64
Q

What is Methadone? What is it used for?

A

An opioid narcotic

Used to treat opioid addiction, for moderate to strong pain

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65
Q

What is Buprenorphine?

A

An opioid narcotic

Mixed agonist/antagonist

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66
Q

What are the properties of opioids? What are some major megative opioid side effects? What are the contraindications?

A

Analgesia, antitussive, antidiarrheal

Respiratory depression and decreased pulmonary reflex, constipation and slow bowel movement, sedation and synergism with other CNS depressants, euphoria/dependence/addiction

History of substance abuse, severe constipation or upset stomach, respiratory problems, allergies

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67
Q

What is the reversal agent for opioids?

A

Naloxone/Narcan (mu antagonist)

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68
Q

What are some contraindications for the use of NSAIDs?

A

Anticoagulants (Coumadin/Warfarin, Joint replacement, Heart Attack or Stroke, Major Surgery, Atrial Fibrillation)
Ulcers, hematemesis, bleeding in stools, chronic stomach problems, hemophiliac
Already taking high doses (like in arthritis)
Child or adolescent
Allergy
Kidney disease

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69
Q

What is used to treat Schizophrenia?

A

Typical Antipsychotics:
Phenothiazines: Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine
Butyrophones: Haloperidol
Atypical Antipsychotics: Clozapine, Quietiapine, Olanzepine these have fewer side effects are are more effective against negative symptoms
- except clozapine has serious agranulocytosis

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70
Q

What is used to treat mood disorders?

A 
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Phenelzine, Selegiline
Tricyclic Antidepressants: Amytryptiline, Desipramine, Doxepin
Monoamine Uptake Blockers:
           SSRI's: 
                     Fluoxetine/Prozac
                     Sertraline/Zoloft
           NE/mixed:
                     Venlafaxine/Effexor
                     Duloxetine/Cymbalta
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71
Q

What is used to treat Bipolar disorder?

A

Lithium carbonate
Valrpoic acid
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine

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72
Q

What is used to treat Anxiety Disorder?

A 
Behavioral management
Sedatives
Benzo-like: Ambien
Barbiturates
Buspirone/Buspar (non sedating and low abuse potential)

Venlafaxine and Paxil (antidepressant for panic attacks)

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73
Q

What are the Sedative Benzodiazepines? (longer acting)

A

Dizepam/Valium
Alprazolam/Xanax
Midazolam

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74
Q

What are the Hypnotic Benzodiazepines? (shorter acting)

A

Lorazepam/Ativan

Triazolam/Halcion

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75
Q

What are the Barbiturates? What are some concerns of Barbiturates?

A

Pentothal (short acting)
Phenobarbital (long acting)

Narrow margin of safety, highly addictive and many side effects, no analgesia

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76
Q

What is used to treat Phobic Disorders?

A

Counseling and behavior management

Sertraline/Zoloft (SSRI)

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77
Q

What is used to treat ADHD/ADD?

A 
Stimulants: 
          Amphetamines/Adderall
          Methylphenidate/Ritalin
Non-Stimulants:
          Modafinil
          Atomoxetine (NE uptake blocker)
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78
Q

What is used to treat Autism Spectrum disorder?

A 
Counseling/Behavioral management
Atypical antipsychotics (Clozapine, Quitiapine, Olanzepine) and SSRI's for psychotic or aggressive behavior
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79
Q

What is used to treat eating disorders?

A

Supportive psychotherapy

Fluoxetine/Prozac

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80
Q

What is the reversal agent for Benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil

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81
Q

What are some other drugs used for IV anesthesia? What are some properties of these drugs?

A

Propofol: NOT ANALGESIC, short duration
Ketamine: dissociative anesthesia, increases CNS blood flow, unpleasant emergence

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82
Q

What inhaled anesthetics have a low coefficient of blood solubility and will need a higher concentration for effects?

A

Nitrous oxide and Desflurane – but this also means there is a rapid induction and recovery times

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83
Q

What inhaled anesthetics has a high coefficient of blood solubility and only needs a lower concentration for effects?

A

Halothane and Isoflurane – but this also means that they have moderate induction and recovery times

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84
Q

What is a contraindication of Halothane? What are some

A

Liver damage – because it has a hepatotoxic metabolite (unlike other inhaled anesthetics that are eliminated by ventilation only)

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85
Q

What is used as skeletal muscle relaxants?

A 
D-tubocurare
Rocuronium
Diazepam (spasmolytic)
Baclofen (spasmolytic)
Botulinum toxin (spasmolytic)
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86
Q

What is used to treat alcohol use disorder?

A

Disulfuram
Naltrexon
Acamprosate

Antidepressant (?)

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87
Q

What are the 6 different classes of antihypertensive drugs?

A 
Diuretics
Drugs that alter sympathetic tone
Arteriole dilators
Calcium Channel Blockers
Angiotensin Affectors (ACE inhibitors)
Ganglionic blocking
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88
Q

What is hydrochlorthiazide? What is it used to treat? What are some concerns with the use of hydrochlorthiazide?

A

It is a thiazide diuretic and is used to treat hypertension. Be aware of electrolyte imbalances (especially potassium so have them eat bananas) and that this drug can cause glucose intolerance/hyperglycemia and problems with diabetes.

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89
Q

What is furosemide? What is it used to treat? What are some concerns with the use of furosemide?

A

It is a loop diuretic and is used to treat hypertension. Be aware that this drug is more potent and will have more potent side effects

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90
Q

What is spironolactone, amiloride and triamsterene? What is it used to treat? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?

A

They are aldosterone blocking diuretics and are used to treat hypertension. Be aware that this is a potatssium spring drug and is usually combined with other diuretics, but do not use with ACE inhibitor antiHTN because it will worsen hyperkalemia

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91
Q

What is mannitol? What is it used to treat?

A

It is an osmotic diuretic used to treat HTN

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92
Q

What is acetazolamine? What is it used to treat?

A

It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and is used to treat HTN

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93
Q

Which drugs alter sympathetic tone to treat HTN?

A

Beta blockers: Propanol, atenolol, metoprolol
Alpha blockers: Prazosin, phentolamine/phenoxybenzamine
Alpha 2 agonist: Clonidine
Alpha and Beta blocker: Labetatol
Guanethidine

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94
Q

How does clonidine work to reduce blood pressure?

A

Through centrally (brain) acting mechanisms

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95
Q

How does Guanethidine work to reduce blood pressure?

A

Inhibits release of NE from sympathetic nerve endings – works by depleting NE stores (NE can act as an agonist on sympathetic nerves)

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96
Q

Which drugs are vasodilators and are used to treat HTN?

A

Hydralazine, Minoxidil, Diazoxide, Nitroprusside, Nitroglycerine

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97
Q

How does Hydralazine work to reduce blood pressure?

A

It hyperpolarizes smooth muscle by opening K+ channels

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98
Q

Which drugs are calcium channel blockers used to treat HTN? How do they work?

A

Verapimil and Diltiazem

By inhibiting the movement of calcium through channels, they slow down the heart and widen blood vessels

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99
Q

What is Captopril? How does it work? What are some concerns with the use of Captopril?

A

It is a Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor. It inhibits the conversion of Angiotensin I into II and increases bradykinin, which causes vasodilation.

Captopril can cause a dry cough or hyperkalemia if combined with K-sparring diuretics

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure.[3] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone[3] from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance), which also increases blood pressure.

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100
Q

What is mecamylamine? What is it used for and what are some concernse with its use?

A

It is a ganglionic blocking drug (nicotinic receptors). It is rarely used because of its serious side effects

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101
Q

What classes of drugs are used to treat angina? How do these drugs work?

A

Nitrates – vasodlator
Calcium channel blockers – decrease O2 demand and prophylactic use
Beta blockers – decreases 02 demands and prophylactic use

These drugs cause vasodilation (increase flow) and decrease oxygen consumption

102
Q

Which drugs are Nitrates that are used to treat angina, and what are some side effects of their use?

A

Nitroglycerin, Amyl Nitrate

Orthostatic hypotension, Tachycardia, Throbbing headache, Tolerance

103
Q

What drugs are calcium channel blockers and are used to treat angina? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?

A

Verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem

Cardiac depression + bradycardia –> heart failure
Flushing and dizziness

104
Q

What drugs are beta blockers and are used to treat angina? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?

A

Propanolol, Atenolol, Metopolol

Astham and Acute Heart Failure

105
Q

Which classes of drugs are used to treat hypercholestermia?

A 
Statins
Fibrates
Niacin
Bile Acid Binding
Inhibitors of Sterol Absorption
106
Q

What are some examples of Statins used to lower cholesterol and how do they work? What are some concerns with the use of these drugs?

A

Lovastatin, Atorvastatin, Simvastatin

Competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (which synthesizes cholesterol)… most effect on LDL

Liver damage, weakness in skeletal muscles

107
Q

What is Fenobrate? What is it used for? How does it work? What are some concerns with the use of this drug?

A

Fenobrate is a Fibrate used to treat hypercholestermia. It increases lipolysis in the liver and muscles, and mostly reduces VLDL with a modest effect on LDL.

It can cause some GI toxicity/symptoms

108
Q

What is Niacin used for? How does it work? What are some side effects of its use?

A

It is a drug to lower cholesterol. It decreases triglycerides and LDL.

Can cause flushing. Tolerance develops.

109
Q

What is Cholesteramine? What is it used for? How does it work? What are some side effects of its use?

A

It is a bile acid binding drug used to lower cholesterol. It reduces the reabsorption of bile acids and metabolite.

It can cause constipation and bloating

110
Q

What is Exetimibe? What is it used for? How does it work?

A

It inhibits intestinal sterol absorption, and reduces LDL

111
Q

Which classes of drugs are used to treat heart failure?

A 
Positive Ionotropic Drugs
Beta 1 agonists
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Vasodilators
Beta 1 blockers
112
Q

What are some examples of positive ionotropic drugs? What are they used for? How does they work? What are some side effects of their use?

A

Digitalis, Milrinon
Increases intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility to it increase blook ejection from the heart

Can causes premature depolarizations and arrythmias, ectopic beats

113
Q

What Beta 1 agonist is used to treat heart failure? What is a side effect of its use?

A

Dobutamine

Can cause arrythmias

114
Q

Which vasodilator is used to treat heart failure?

A

Hydralazine

115
Q

Which beta 1 blocker is used to treat heart failure?

A

Metoprolol

116
Q

Which classes of drugs are used to treat cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Na+ channel blockers
Beta 1 blockers
Drugs that prolong the refractory phase
Ca2+ channel blockers

117
Q

What are some Na+ channel blockers used to treat cardiac arrythmias? How do they work?

A

Pracainamide (almost never 1st choice)
Quinidine
Lidocaine (1st choice)

They slow action potential conduction

118
Q

Which Beta 1 blocker is used to treat cardiac arrythmias?

A

Propanolol

119
Q

What is amiodarone? What does it treat? What is a side of effect of its use?

A

It prolongs the refractory phase in the heart and is used to treat cardiac arrythmias.

A side effect is pulmonary fibrosis

120
Q

Which calcium channel blockers are used to treat cardiac arrythmias?

A

Verapamil and Diltiazem

121
Q

What are the optimal values of cholesterol?

A

Total < 200 mg/dl
LDL= 70-130 mg/dl
HDL = >40-50 mg/dl
Triglycerides= <150 mg/dl

122
Q

What are the different classes of drugs used to treat Asthma?

A

Relievers
Controllors
Add-ons

123
Q

What are some relievers for asthma?

A

Beta 2 agonists like albuterol and salmeterol

124
Q

What are some controllers for asthma?

A

Fluticasone (inhaled corticosteroid) or oral prednisone as a last resort

125
Q

What is Theophylline? What is it used for? How does it work?

A

It is a add on methylxanthine drug for asthma. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and increase cAMP and relaxes airway smooth muscle

126
Q

What is ipratropium? What is it used for? How does it work?

A

It is an add on antimuscarinic drug for asthma.

127
Q

What is montelukast? What is it used for?

A

It is an add on leukotriene modifier for asthma

128
Q

What is cromolyn? What is it used for? How does it work?

A

It is an add on drug for asthma. It inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators (like histamine)

129
Q

What is Omalizumab? What is it used for? How does it work?

A

It is an add on drug for asthma. It inhibits IgE binding to mast cells but is very expensive

130
Q

Which drugs are used to treat COPD?

A

Tiotropium bromide, salmeterol, and theophylline with glucocorticoids

131
Q

What is oseltamivir? What is is used for?

A

It is used to treat both influenza A and B! IT prevents separation of virus particles from cell receptors

132
Q

What is used to treat allergic reactions?

A

Antihistamines and epinephrine

133
Q

What are some examples of antihistamines?

A

Diphenhydramine

Chlorpheniramine

134
Q

What is used to treat calcium oxylate kidney stones?

A

Hydrochlorthiazide

135
Q

What is used to treat struvite kidney stones?

A

TMP-SMX and Acetohydroxamic acid

136
Q

What is used to treat uric acid kidney stones?

A

Allopurinol and sodium bicarbonate

137
Q

What is used to treat cysteine kidney stones?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

138
Q

What can be used to treat an UTI?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid
Ciprofloxacin

139
Q

What drugs are patients that are on hemodialysis usually taking?

A

Anti-hypertensive drugs like atenolol, captopril, furosemide
Heparin
Prophylactic ABX

140
Q

What is Heparin? What pathway and clotting factors does it affect?

A

It is an anti-clotting drug. It affects the intrinsic pathway (PTT) and factors 8,9,11 and 12

141
Q

What is Warfarin? What pathway and clotting factors does it affect?

A

It is an anti-clotting drug. It affects the extrinsin pathway (PT) and factors 2, 7, 9, 10 by antagonizing Vitamin K, which is needed for the synthesis of these factors.

142
Q

What is Dabigatran? What pathway does it affect?

A

It is an alternative anti-clotting drug. It affects PTT, but has a distinct mechanism from heparin and warfarin so it is more popular.

143
Q

What is Abciximab? How does it work?

A

It is an anti-clotting drug. It is a glycoprotein inhibitor to prevent clot formation

144
Q

What is Bivalirudin/Abjiomax? How does it work?

A

It is an anti-clotting drug and works by inhibiting thrombin.

145
Q

What is Rivaroxaban? How does it work?

A

It is an anti-clotting drug and works by inhibiting factor Xa

146
Q

What is Streptokinase? How does it work?

A

It is a thrombolytic inhibitor, and can recanalize the occluded coronary artery by dissolving the clot

147
Q

What are some antiplatelet agents?

A

Cox inhibitors

148
Q

What drugs can stop bleeding?

A

Vitamin K or purified clotting factors

149
Q

What are some hematopoietic factors?

A

B12, folic acid, irion, erythopoietin

150
Q

What is Lispro? What is it used for?

A

It is a type of insulin, and is rapid acting with early peak action so it is taken immediately before a meal

151
Q

What is Humulin R? What is it used for?

A

It is a type of insulin, but is short acting. Crystalline zinc is added to delay the onset and lengthen the duration

152
Q

What is neutral protein hagedorn? What is it used for?

A

It is a type of insulin, and is immediate acting so it has peptide called protamine for delayed release after injection.

153
Q

What is glargine? What is it used for?

A

It is a type of insuline, and is a long acting sustained insulin with no peaks or valleys. It is a good background insulin

154
Q

What is detemir? What is it used for?

A

It is a type of insulin, and is a long acting insulin

155
Q

What are some side of effects of insulin?

A

Hypglycemia = Tachycardia, perspiration, tremors, hunger, confusion, seizures, coma

156
Q

What are some classes of hypoglycemic drugs used to treat Type II diabetes?

A 
Insulin secretagogues
Biguanides
DDP-4 inhibitor
Acabose
Thiazolidinediones
Glucagon (*sort of)
157
Q

What is Tolbutamide and Glipizide? How do they work?

A

They are types of sulfonylureas, which are insulin secretagogues which are used to treat Type II Diabete. They increase the release of insuline from beta cells

158
Q

What is Metformin-Glucophage? How does it work?

A

It is a Biguanide that is used to treat Type II diabetes. Its mechanism is not fully understood, but has no effect on insulin production of pancreas and will not provoke hypoglycemia when used alone

159
Q

What is Sitagliptin? How does it work?

A

It is a DDP-4 inhibitor used to treat Type II Diabetes, and ulitmately stimulates insulin synthesis and release.

160
Q

What is Acabose? How does it work?

A

It is another hypoglycemic drug used to treat Type II Diabetes. It slows digestion and absorption of starch

161
Q

What is Rosaglitazone? How does it work?

A

It is a Thiazolidinediones, which is used to treat TYpe II diabetes. It reduces insuline resistance, especially in muscel and fats

162
Q

What is Glucagon? How does it work?

A

It is a drug used to treat severe hypoglycemia, because it increase gluconeogenesis

163
Q

What can be used to as appetite suppressants for weight management?

A

Amphetamines like Phenteramine, Topiramate +Phentermine

Other drugs like Oristat, Belviq

164
Q

What is Phenteramine? How does it work?

A

It is an amphetamine for weight management and works by inhibiting NE and dopamine uptake

165
Q

What is Oristat? How does it work?

A

It is for weight management , and works by inhibting lipase to diminish fat absorption in intestines

166
Q

What is Belviq? How does it work?

A

It is for weight management, and works as a 5-HT agonist

167
Q

What drugs are used to treat hyperthyroidism/Grave’s disease?

A

Thiomides
Iodides
Beta blockers
Radioactive iodine

168
Q

What is Propylthiouracil? How does it work?

A

It is a Thiomide, used to treat hyperthyroidism/Grave’s disease. It inhibits thryoid peroxidase reaction and blocks synthesis of T4/T3

169
Q

What is Lugol Solution? How does it work?

A

It is an iodide use to treat hypertension/Grave’s disease. It inhibits release of T4/T3.

170
Q

Which Beta blocker is used to treat hyperthyroidism/Grave’s disease and how does it work?

A

Propanolol. It inhibits the conversion of T4 into T3

171
Q

How does radioactive iodine treat hyperthyroidism/Graves disease?

A

It destroys the parenchyma

172
Q

How is hypothyroidism treated?

A

With thryoid replacement like Synthroid or levothroid

173
Q

What is Denosumab? What does it treat and how does it work?

A

It is used to treat osteoporosis, and is an antibody that blocks osteoclast activity

174
Q

What is Teraparatide? What does it treat and how does it work?

A

It is used to treat osteoporosis, and activates osteoblasts

175
Q

How are Estrogens beneficial for treating osteoporosis? And what should be given wtih estrogens to help protect against venous thrombi?

A

Prevent bone loss in early postmenopasual period. Use with progestin

176
Q

What are Ibandronate/Boniva and Alendronate/Fosamax? What do they treat and how do they work?

A

They are Bisphosphonates used to treat osteoporosis. They suppress activity of osteoclasts

177
Q

What can promote osteoporosis?

A

Glucocorticoids – they inhibit Vitamin D stimulated calcium absortion and stimulate renal secretion of calcium (low calcium in blood stimulates secretion of more PTH)

178
Q

What is used to treat Paget’s disease of bone?

A

Calcitonin

179
Q

What is used to treat Addison’s disease?

A

Hydrocortisone

180
Q

What is used to treat Cushing’s disease?

A

Ketoconazole (inhibits steroid synthesis)

Metyrapone (inhibits cortisol synthesis)

181
Q

Which drugs are synthetic forms of estrogen? How are they different from each other?

A

Ethinyl estradiol is steroidal

Diethystillbesterol is nonsteroidal

182
Q

What is the “minipill”?

A

Progestin

183
Q

What two hormones are combined in combination contraceptive drugs?

A

Progesterone and Estrogen

184
Q

What is Tamoxifen? What is it used for?

A

A partial estrogen antagonist, used to treat breast cancer

185
Q

What is Mifepristone? What is it used for?

A

Estrogen antagonist + glucocorticoid receptors to prevent implantation (morning after/Plan B pill)

186
Q

What is Danazol?

A

Suppresses ovarian function, but has masculinizing effects

187
Q

What is Clomiphene? What is it used for?

A

Partial estrogen agonist, and is used to promote ovulation and pregnancy

188
Q

What is Oxytocin used for?

A

Induce/augment labor

189
Q

What is Metocopramide? What is it used for?

A

A D2 antagonist, used to stimulate prolactin (and thus lactation)

190
Q

What is Methotrexate?

A

A DMARD

191
Q

What is Sulfasalazine?

A

A DMARD

192
Q

What is Etanercept? How does it work?

A

A DMARD, works by inhibiting and blocking TNF

193
Q

What is Infliximab? How does it work?

A

A DMARD, works by inhibiting and blocking TNF

194
Q

Which classes of drugs are used to treat acne?

A

Topical Keratolytics, ABX, Retinoids, Estrogen/Progesterone

195
Q

What is Salicylic acid? What is it used for?

A

It is a topical keratolytic, used to treat acne

196
Q

What is Benzoyl Peroxide? What is it used for?

A

It is a topical keraolytic, used to treat acne

197
Q

What ABX can be used to treat acne?

A

Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Clidamycin

198
Q

What is Tretinoin/Retin A? What is it used for?

A

It is a Vitamin A derivative, used topically to treat acne

199
Q

What is Isotretinoin/Accutane? What is it used for? What are some concerns when using this drug?

A

It is a Vitamin A derivative, used systemically to treat acne. It can cause serious birth defects if user becomes pregnant!

200
Q

What drugs can be used as antispasmolytics?

A 
Diazepam
Baclofen
Dantrolene
Carisoprodol
D-tubocurare
Pnacuronium
Succinylcholine
201
Q

What is Baclofen? How does it work?

A

It is a antispasmolytic, it is a GABA B agonist

202
Q

What is Dantrolene? How does it work?

A

It is a antispasmolytic, it alters Ca2+ trafficking

203
Q

What is Carisoprodol? What are some concerns with its use?

A

It is a antispasmolytic, it may have dependence problems

204
Q

What is good for treating Herpes Simplex Virus Infections? What type of drug is it?

A

Acyclovir, it is a viral thymidine kinase dependent drug

205
Q

What is good for treating Varicella Zoster Virus infections?

A

Famciclovir, it is a viral thymidine kinase dependent drug

206
Q

Which antiviral is a non-thymidine kinase dependent drug? Why is this a good thing?

A

Foscarnet

There is less of a resistance problem

207
Q

What are some topical drugs used to treat HSV?

A

Denavir (pencicyclovir)

Zorax (acyclovir)

208
Q

What classes of drugs are used to treat glaucoma?

A 
Cholinergic agonist
Beta blockers
Prostaglandins
Alpha agonist
Carbonic anhydrase inhbitors
209
Q

What cholinergic agonist is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?

A

Pilocarpine, it increase the outflow of aqueous humor

210
Q

What beta blocker is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?

A

Timolol, it decreases secretion of aqueous humor

211
Q

What Prostaglandin is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?

A

Lantanoprost, it increase outflow of aqueous humor

212
Q

What alpha agonist is used to treat glaucoma?What are its effects?

A

Epinephrine, it increase outflow and decreases secretion of aqueous humor

213
Q

What carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is used to treat glaucoma? What are its effects?

A

Acetazolamide, it decreases secretion of aqueous humor

214
Q

What classes of drugs are used to treat Meneire’s diseae?

A

H1 blocker/anticholinergic/CNS depressant
Anxioytic
Long acting steroids
Diuretic

215
Q

What are the H1 blocker/anticholinergic/CNS depressant is used to treat Meniere’s disease? What are the effect of these drugs? What is a side effect of their use?

A

Meclizine
Promethazine

Antinausea, anti-motion sickness

These drugs cause xerostomia

216
Q

What anxiolytic is used to treat Meniere’s diseae?

A

Diazepam

217
Q

What long acting steroid is used to treat Meniere’s disease?

A

Dexamethasone

218
Q

What diuretic is used to treat Meniere’s disease?

A

Hydochlorthiazide

219
Q

What is used to treat otitis media?

A

Amoxicillin
Augmentin
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

220
Q

What are the different classes of drugs used as anticancer drugs?

A 
Alkylating agents
Nitrosureas
Platinum analogs
Antimetabolites
Natrual Products
Antitumor ABX
Erlotineb and Imatinib
221
Q

What is Cyclophosphamide? What is it used for?

A

Alkylating agent used to treat Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Leukemia, Breast Cancer and Multiple Myeloma

222
Q

What is Procarbazine and Decarbazine? What are they used for?

A

They are Nitrosureas
Together they treat Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and brain tumors because they are highly lipophilic
Decarbazine is used to treat Melanoma, Lymphoma and Soft tissue sarcomas

223
Q

What is Cisplatin? What is it used for?

A

Platinum analog, used to treat a variety of solid tumors

224
Q

What is Methotrexate? What is it used for?

A

It is a folic acid analog that is a antimetabolite, used to treat Head, Neck and Breast cancers (also RA)

225
Q

What is 5-fluorouracil? What is it used for?

A

It inhibits thymidine synthesis (antimetabolite), used to treat Head, Neck, GI cancers and basal cell carcinoma

226
Q

What is Vinblastine and Vincristine? How do they work?

A

These are natural products used to treat cancer. They inhibit tubulin polymerization, and halt cell division

227
Q

What is Etoposide? How does it work?

A

It is a natural product used to treat cancer. It is from the mandrake plant and inhibits topoisomerase II

228
Q

What is Doxorubicin and Bleomycin? What are they used for?

A

They are anthracylines, which is an antitumor ABX. used to treat Hodkin’s lymphoma

229
Q

What is Erlotineb? How does it work/

A

It is an anticancer drug that antagonizes epidermal growth factor receptors

230
Q

What is Imatinib? How does it work? What is it used for?

A

It is an anticancer drug that blocks a form of tyrosine kinase and inhibits oncogenes. It is effective against CML

231
Q

What is used to treat GERD?

A

Eat small meals, reduce fat/weight, elevate head, avoid aspirin and other NSAIDS

232
Q

What are magnesium salts used for? What is a side effect of their use?

A

Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis

Can cause diarrhea

233
Q

What is Bicarbonate used for? What is a side effect of its use?

A

Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis

Can cause gas

234
Q

What is Calcium carbonate used for? What is a side effect of its use?

A

Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis

Is chalky and can cause constipation

235
Q

What are aluminum salts used for?

A

Antacid to relieve heart burn/treat relux esophagitis but are not very effective

236
Q

What are the H2 blockers used to treat relux esophagitis? How do they work?

A

Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine

Work by reducing gastric secretions

237
Q

What are some proton pump inhibitors used to treat relux esophagitis? How do they work?

A

Omaprazole +sodium bicarbonate for fast release
Lansoprazole
Esomeprazole

Blocks H+ exchange in parietal cells to reduce gastric secretion

238
Q

What different classes of drugs are used to treat Peptic ulcer disease? How do they work?

A

Antacids
PPI’s
H2 blockers

They suppress acidity to allow sores to heal

239
Q

What is used to treat H. pylori related Peptic Ulcer Disease?

A

Prevpac = Lansoprazole, Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin

Milk of Magnesia

240
Q

What is used to treat constipation?

A

Laxatives

241
Q

What is Bisacoyl? How does it work?

A

A laxative used to treat constipation

Works by stimulating smooth muscle

242
Q

What is Docusate? How does it work?

A

A laxative to treat constipation

Water retention to soften stools

243
Q

What is used to treat diarrhea?

A

Opioid agonist
Bismuth subsalicylate
Anticholinergic agents

244
Q

What opoid agonist is used to treat diarrhea?

A

Loperamine and Imodium

245
Q

What anticholinergic agent is used to treat diarrhea?

A

Atropine

246
Q

What is used to treat IBS with constipation? How does it work?

A

Linaclotine

Gaunylate cyclase C agonist – Increase bowel movement and fluid secretion, reduces pain

247
Q

What is used to treat Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Antifinflammatories - Mesalamine or Corticosteroids

ABX - Metronidazole

248
Q

What is used to treat Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - Pyridostigmine

Immunosuppression - Prednisone, Rituximab

249
Q

What is used to treat macular degeneration?

A

Antioxidants like Viatmin C and Zinc Oxide

250
Q

What is used as antismoking medications?

A

Nicotine replacement
Bupropion
Varenicline

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