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Drugs Online > Drugs in Society > Flashcards

Drugs in Society Flashcards

1
Q

Blockade of which types of receptors causes blurred vision in patients who are taking tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

A

Muscarinic receptors

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2
Q

What class of substances are not prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Code?

A

Anorectics

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3
Q

Polycythemia is a/an?

A

Abnormally high red cell count

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4
Q

A synthetic growth hormone was originally developed in the 1980’s to treat?

A

Kidney disease

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5
Q

The term ‘anabolic’ refers to the effect that testosterone produces in the body to?

A

Increase muscle mass

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6
Q

Beta-blockers can not be used therapeutically for?

A

Emphysema

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7
Q

Testing for the detection of Human Growth Hormone is detected in the?

A

Blood

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8
Q

Narcotics included in the prohibited substances list are?

A
  • Methadone
  • Morphine
  • Diamorphine
  • Pethidine
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9
Q

A narcotic that are permitted by the IOC is?

A

Codeine

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10
Q

Side effects of stimulant use may be?

A

Both physical and psychological

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11
Q

Physiological changes which may affect young athletes using growth hormone for sport enhancements include?

A

Early epiphyseal plate closure

is a known cause of short stature after earlier puberty due to premature closure of growth plates in long bones

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12
Q

Indications of diuretic abuse include?

A
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Hypovolemia
  • Hypotension
  • Dizziness
  • Blurred vision
  • Headaches
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13
Q

Erythropoietin in sport is used to?

A

Increase the body’s oxygen carrying capacity

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14
Q

Hirsutism refers to?

A

Excessive growth of body hair

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15
Q

Growth hormone can produce?

A

Disproportional body growth in younger people (enlarged hands and feet, prominent forehead and jaw) and heart disease and diabetes.

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16
Q

One potential adverse effect from diuretic use is hyperkalemia. This refers to?

A

Increased levels of potassium

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17
Q

Stimulants are used in sport?

A
  • reduces the feeling of fatigue, why athletes can train harder and longer.
  • acts on neurotransmitter release in the brain. .eg. cocaine, caffeine, ephedrine
  • increase their level of aggressiveness and hostility
  • who need to meet weight levels
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18
Q

Side effects of stimulants?

A
  • increased heart
  • increased breathing rates
  • heightened awareness and reflexes
  • dulled sense of pain
  • improved motor performance
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19
Q

Narcotics are a?

A
  • CNS depressant
  • analgesic
  • any drug causing physical dependence
  • in some cases includes LSD and marijuana
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20
Q

Anabolic agents are?

A
  • Steroids which are cholesterol based hormones, produced by the adrenal gland and sex organs
  • They mimic the effects of the male sex hormone, testosterone
  • High dosage does not improve fertility/masculinity
  • Too much testosterone results in reduced testicular activity
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21
Q

Androgenic definition?

A

At puberty in males, testosterone initiates secondary sex characteristics including facial hair, deeper voice, maturation of the sex glands and spermatogenesis

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22
Q

Anabolic definition?

A

The growth and development of body tissues especially muscle mass

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23
Q

Behavioral effects of Anabolic agents?

A
  • Increased self confidence
  • Mood swings
  • Euphoria
  • Depression
  • Paranoia
  • Aggression
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24
Q

How do beta-blockers work?

A

Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of epinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increasesblood circulation. People who take beta blockers have a slower heart rate and more relaxed blood vessels, conditions that help reduce blood pressure

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25
Q

Secondary effect of Beta- Blockers?

A

They also mask anxiety by diminishing nervous sweat and trembling, which is exactly why marksmen are drawn to the drugs.
- If they have a steadier hand, they can perform better in competition.

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26
Q

Diuretics and masking agents are used in sport for?

A

Diuretics are prescribed for high blood pressure and problems related to fluid retention.

  • consumed illegally escape detection of banned substances (anabolic steroids) by diluting the urine.
  • quick for weight loss e.g. fluid loss
    e. g. boxing, wrestling, weight lifting ‘quick fix’
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27
Q

Peptide hormones and analogues are used in sport for?

A

Stimulates most body cells to increase in size and number.

- major targets are the bones and skeletal muscles particularly muscle mass

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28
Q

Erythropoietin description?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) take oxygen into the blood to all cells in the body
- glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidneys

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29
Q

Blood doping

A

used for sporting events with long distance running, cross country skiing and cycling

  • involved the removal of up to a quarter of the athletes blood, 8-12 weeks prior to competition
  • this tricks the body into thinking that it is anemic, so the bone marrow rapidly produced more RBCs to help return to normal level
  • day before competition RBCs were reinfused providing the sports person with a greater percentage of erythrocytes and greater aerobic capacity
  • increase of 30% performance
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30
Q

Creatine

A
  • made naturally in the body by the kidney
  • promoted as a performance enhancing supplement
  • provides short lived, boost of ATP during initial stages of high output exercise
  • does nothing to enhance endurance
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31
Q

Classes of Prohibited Substances in Certain Sports?

A

ALCOHOL - e.g. ethanol, in sports such as archery, gymnastics,
skiing, triathlon, wrestling, karate, modern pentathlon.
BETA-BLOCKERS - e.g. atenolol, metoprolol, oxprenolol, in such
sports as archery, billiards, bobsleigh, curling, gymnastics, sailing,
shooting, skiing, ski jumping, free style snowboard, swimming,
diving.
SPECIFIED SUBSTANCES – alcohol, beta blockers, cannabinoids,
ephedrine, glucocorticoids, inhaled beta-2 agonists, probenecid
(masking agent)

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32
Q

Experimental stage of drug use definition?

A

A person tries a drug once or twice out of curiosity

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33
Q

Recreational stage of drug use definition?

A

A person chooses to use a drug for enjoyment, particuarly to enhance a mood or social occasion

34
Q

Situational stage of drug use definition?

A

A drug is used to cope with the demands of particular situations

35
Q

Intensive or Bingeing stage of drug use definition?

A

A person consumes a heavy amount of drugs over a short period of time and/or used continuously over a number of weeks

36
Q

Dependent stage of drug use definition?

A

A person becomes dependent on a drug after heavy or prolonged use over time. They feel a need to take the drug consistently in order to feel normal or to avoid uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

37
Q

Drug Taking Risk Factors?

A
  • being male
  • living in poverty
  • genetic vulnerability
  • early antisocial behavior
  • early age of first use
  • being adolescent
  • childhood sexual and physical abuse
  • being homeless, unemployed, incarcerated
  • being Aboriginal, gay or marginalized in other ways
  • poor quality family relationships and parental skills
  • associating with substance-abusing peers
  • poor school performance and leaving school early.
38
Q

Definition of craving in drug addiction? (formerly called psychological dependance)

A

Is an intense desire to re-experience the effects of a psychoactive substance. Craving is the cause of relapse after long periods of abstinence

39
Q

Definition of physiological dependence in drug addiction?

A

An outdated term that refers to physical tolerance and the withdrawal syndrome

40
Q

Definition of withdrawal syndrome in drug addiction?

A

A constellation of signs and symptoms that follows that abrupt discontinuation or reduction in the use of a substance or after blockage of the actions of a substance with antagonist (e.g. naloxone in heroin addiction). Withdrawal is one of the causes of compulsive drug taking behavior and short-term relapse

41
Q

Definition of priming in drug addiction?

A

Refers to a new exposure to a formerly abused substance. This exposure can precipitate rapid resumption of abuse at previous levels or at higher levels.

42
Q

Definition of relapse in drug addiction?

A

Is a resumption of drug-seeking or drug-taking behavior after a period of abstinence. Priming, environmental cues (people, places or things associated with past drug use) and stress can trigger intense craving and cause a relapse.

43
Q

Definition of reward in drug addiction?

A

Is a stimulus that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive or as something to be attained.

44
Q

Definition of sensitization in drug addiction?

A

Is the increase in the expected effect of a drug after repeated administration (e.g. increased locomotor activation after the administration of psychostimulants).

45
Q

Definition of substance abuse in drug addiction?

A

Is characterized by recurrent and clinically significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances, such as failing to fulfil major role obligations, use of drugs in situations in which it is physically hazardous, occurrence of substance-related legal problems and continued drug use despite the presence of persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems

46
Q

Definition of substance dependance in drug addiction?

A

Is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms indicating that a person is continuing to use a substance despite having a clinically significant substance-related problems. At least three of the following must be present: symptoms pf tolerance, symptoms of withdrawal, use of substance over larger/longer periods, unsuccessful attempts to control desire. spending of time to obtain substance, a reduction in important social, occupational or recreational behaviors and continued use despite health, social and economic problems.

47
Q

Cannabis…

A
  • is a depressant that slows down the activity of the central nervous system
  • main active chemical is THC (delta tetrahydrocannabinol)
  • known as grass, weed, dope, joint and ganja
  • effects include altered thinking and memory, reddened blood shot eyes, relaxation, increased appetite
48
Q

Methamphetamine…

A
  • another name for ice
  • 4 forms- speed, pills sold as E, paste and ice or crystal meth
  • low to moderate doses allows the user to handle stress
  • blood pressure and respiration rates are increased, bronchioles dilate and blood glucose levels rise, mood, concentration and thinking are improved (for ADHD)
  • larger doses- mental rush can be felt but long term can result overactivity, defective reasoning and judgement, liver damage
49
Q

Ice definition

A
  • Of the four forms, ‘ice’ is the most potent, i.e. a purity of around 80% which is between four and eight times higher than the average purity of other forms of methamphetamine.
  • ‘Ice’ can be smoked, swallowed, snorted, injected or inserted anally (shafting).
50
Q

Adverse effects of ice:

A
  • Continued ice use can lead to weight loss, tachycardia, constricted blood vessels, decreased lung function, damaged teeth from lack of saliva production, skin lesions, which the person has a tendency to pick, an increased risk of cardiac failure and stroke
51
Q

Amphetamine:

A

Another drug with amphetamine-like properties includes 3-
methoxy-4,5-methylene-dioxyamphetamine (MDMA). MDMA is
commonly called ‘ecstasy’, and has gained notoriety because of
deaths associated with its use.
It is taken for its euphoric, calming and confidence- enhancing properties

52
Q

Rohypnol…

A
  • is one drug of the benzodiazepine group of sedatives/ hypnotics is a general central nervous system depressant which effects that are dose related
  • affect the action of gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA),
  • produces a reduction in anxiety and alertness
  • high dosage lead to excessive excitement, rage and aggressive behavior
  • When taken with alcohol, this property potentiates the depressant action of the drug which has led to its reputation as a ‘date-rape drug’ in Australia
53
Q

Speedball

A

Speedball (a combination of heroin and cocaine) users

may use Rohypnol to soften ‘the fall coming down’.

54
Q

Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) aka Fantasy

A
  • naturally occurring metabolite of GABA, allows to cross the blood brain barrier
  • alternative to speed or ecstasy
  • odorless, colorless, slightly salty liquid or powder
  • peak concentration in the blood stream occurs 20 to 60 mins after ingestion
  • sleep agent
  • ## party drug
55
Q

Adverse effects of GHB

A
  • The amount of GHB needed to feel euphoric is VERY close to the amount needed for anesthesia and closer still to the amount which causes seizures and coma.
  • There is no antidote and when required, medical treatment is purely supportive, e.g. mechanical ventilation
56
Q

Ecstasy….

A
  • designer drug MDMA, methylene dioxymethamphetamine known as E, Ex, Eccy
  • can result in adverse effects such as muscle tension, jaw clenching and tooth grinding.
57
Q

Adverse effects of Ecstasy

A
  • The drug can lead to hyperthermia, and if taken, as it often is, in nightclubs, the combination of hyperthermia and excessive physical activity can quickly lead to dehydration..
  • This has been one of the major causes of death from this drug.
  • Paradoxically, another major cause of death is water intoxication: the drug user, being aware of the problem of dehydration, drinks large amounts of water; this dilutes the blood so much that the resulting hypotonic blood causes swelling of cells, which can lead to enlargement of the brain, the resulting expansion leading to it being crushed against the skull.
58
Q

Volatile Solvents definition…

A

Many common household products contain volatile solvents.

These include correction and cleaning fluid, felt tip markers, petrol, glue, paint thinner, ethers

59
Q

Aerosols definition..

A

Solvents contained in spray cans are known as aerosols. This includes products such as spray paints, deodorants, hair sprays, insect sprays , air fresheners

60
Q

Gases

A

Household or commercial gases that are often used for inhalation purposes include butane in cigarette lighters, gas bottles

61
Q

Nitrates

A

Includes video head cleaners and room deodorizers

62
Q

Inhalant Abuse:

A
  • These products are capable of producing a quick and generally pleasurable sensory experience with rapid dissipation and minimal
    hangover symptoms.
  • A number of street terms have been generated:
  • “huffing” - inhalation through the mouth
  • “galding” - inhalation of air-freshener aerosols
  • “bagging” - use of paper or plastic bag or tea towel held over nose, mouth or head.
63
Q

Inhalants adverse affects:

A
  • As the inhalant dose increases, slurred speech, dizziness, diplopia, ataxic gait and disorientation develops.
  • Chronic inhalation use is associated with significant toxic effects, including neurological, renal, hepatic and pulmonary
    damage.
64
Q

Examples of 2 sympathomimetic hallucinogenic drugs are?

A

MDMA and LSD

65
Q

Ecstasy achieves its effects by?

A

Increasing serotonin release

66
Q

High use of ‘speed’ leads to?

A

Psychotic episodes

67
Q

When a person has the desire to re-experience the effects of a substance. the person has developed a?

A

Dependence

68
Q

Males are more likely to use drugs for?

A

Recognition of peers

69
Q

Tolerance very quickly develops with the use of?

A

Ice

70
Q

The resin from the cannabis sativa plant is known as?

A

Hashish

71
Q

Rohypnol can induce?

A

Amnesia

72
Q

GHB is often used at dance parties as an alternative to?

A

Ecstasy

73
Q

Tolerance refers to?

A

The need for larger amounts of the drug to get the same effect

74
Q

An adverse effect of cannabis use is?

A

Short term memory impairment

75
Q

Crack is a/an?

A

Smokable cocaine

76
Q

A drug that was originally developed for its sedation effects however the side effects caused the discontinuation as an anesthetics drug?

A

Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

77
Q

The most common withdrawal symptom from methamphetamines is?

A

Depression

78
Q

Anabolic effects directly relate to?

A

Growth and development in muscle mass

79
Q

What stimulant was removed from the banned list in sport in 2006?

A

Caffeine

80
Q

The hormone responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

81
Q

The use of beta blockers enhances performance in sports such as?

A

Show Jumping

82
Q

An example of a nutritional supplement promoted in sporting activities includes?

A

Creatine

Drugs Online (5 decks)

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