Drugs List

Question 1

Dopaminergics

Answer 1

Levodopa (L-dopa): DA precursor

Pramipexole, ropinirole + rotigotine: synthetic DA receptor agonist

Question 2

Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors

Answer 2

Generic names: Carbidopa + Benserazide

MoA: stops breakdown of L-dopa in periphery by inhibiting dopa-decarboxylase

Question 3

Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) inhibitors

Answer 3

Generic names: Entacapone + Tolcapone

MoA: stops breakdown of DA in CNS by COMT inhibition

Question 4

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors B form (MAOI-Bs)

Answer 4

Generic names: Rasagiline + Selegiline

MoA: stop breakdown of DA in CNS by MAOI-B inhibition

Question 5

Anticholinergics

Answer 5

Generic names: Orphenadrine, Procyclidine + Trihexphenidyl

MoA: Muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist

Question 6

Antipsychotics

Answer 6

MoA: DA receptor antagonists

Question 7

Dopamine (DA) depleting drugs

Answer 7

Generic name: Tetrabenazine

MoA: blocks VMAT preventing uptake of DA into vesicles

Question 8

Weak analgesic/antipyretic

Answer 8

Generic name: Paracetamol

MoA: non-selective COX inhibitor (CNS)

Question 9

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Answer 9

Generic names: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac + Naproxen

MoA: non-selective COX inhibitors

Question 10

COX-2 selective NSAIDS

Answer 10

Generic names: Celecoxib + Etoricoxib

MoA: selective COX-2 inhibitors

Question 11

Weak opioid analgesics

Answer 11

Generic names: Codeine + Dihydrocodeine

MoA: opioid receptor agonist

Question 12

Strong opioid analgesics

Answer 12

Generic names: Morphine + Diamorphine

MoA: opioid receptor agonist

Question 13

Partial/mixed agonist opioid analgesics

Answer 13

Generic name: Buprenorphine

MoA: Opioid receptor agonist (μ) and antagonist (κ)

Question 14

Opioid receptor antagonists

Answer 14

Generic names: Naloxone + Naltrexone

MoA: opioid receptor antagonists

Question 15

Drugs used in opioid addiction management

Answer 15

Methadone: opioid receptor agonist
Buprenorphine: opioid receptor agonist (μ) and antagonist (κ)

Question 16

Drugs used to treat neuropathic pain

Answer 16

TCAs

AEDs:
Gabapentin: inhibit VDCC + increases GABA transmission
Pregabalin: inhibit VDCC
Carbamazepine: Na+ channel blocker

Question 17

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Answer 17

Generic names: Amitriptyline + Nortriptyline

MoA: SRI, NRI, H1, M1 + adrenergic antagonist

Question 18

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 18

Generic names: Sertraline + Citalopram

MoA: inhibits 5-HT reuptake pump

Question 19

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 19

Generic name: Moclobemide

MoA: Stops breakdown of monoamines in CNS by reversibly inhibiting monoamine oxidase A (RIMA)

Question 20

Atypical antidepressants (ADs)

Answer 20

Reboxetine: NRI
Bupropion: NDRI
Buspirone: 5HT1A partial agonist
Agomelatine: melatonin agonist
Venlafaxine: SNRI
Mirtazapine: α2-adrenergic antagonist

Question 21

2nd generation antipsychotics

Answer 21

Amisulpride: 5-HT7 + D2 antagonist

Risperidone + Clozapine: 5HT2A + D2 antagonist

Question 22

1st generation antipsychotics

Answer 22

Generic names: Chlorpromazine + Haloperidol

MoA: selective D2 receptor antagonists

Question 23

Mood stabiliser

Answer 23

Generic name: Lithium

MoA: unclear

Question 24

General anaesthetic

Answer 24

Isoflurane, Propofol, Nitrous Oxide, Sevoflurane: unclear

Ketamine: NMDA (glutamate) receptor antagonist

Question 25

What is the half-life of general anaesthetics?

Answer 25

``` Isoflurane = < 1min - 40hrs Propofol = 3-12hrs Ketamine = 2-4hrs ```

Question 26

Local anaesthetic

Answer 26

Generic names: Lidocaine, Bupivacaine + Levobupivacaine MoA: voltage-gated sodium channel blocker

Question 27

What is the half-life of local anaesthetics?

Answer 27

Benzocaine/Tetracaine = few mins Lidocaine: 1-2hrs Bupivacaine: 1-3hrs Levobupivacaine: 1-3hrs

Question 28

Neuromuscular blockers

Answer 28

Suxamethonium (depolarising): initially depolarisation + desensitization of AChR Neostigmine (depolarising): peripheral inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase Atracurium + Vecuronium (non-depolarising): competitive antagonist at AChR

Question 29

What is the half-life of non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers?

Answer 29

3-4mins

Question 30

Drugs used for reversing NMB block

Answer 30

Sugammadex: oligosaccharide that forms a complex with NMB removing them from NMJ Neostigmine: peripheral inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase

Question 31

Muscle relaxants/sedatives/anxiolytic-hypnotic for anaesthetics

Answer 31

Zolpidem ('Z-drug' mechanistically identical to BDZ) + Temazepam (BDZ): GABA PAM Dexmedetomidine: α-adrenergic receptor agonist Propranolol: β-blocker Alfentanyl, Fentanyl + Remifentanyl: opioid receptor agonist

Question 32

Benzodiazepines for anaesthetics

Answer 32

Generic name: Flumazenil MoA: BDZ antagonist

Question 33

Anti-epilepsy drugs (AEDs)

Answer 33

Sodium Valproate, Lamotrigine + Carbamazepine: sodium channel blocker Ethosuximide: calcium channel blocker (T-type)

Question 34

Benzodiazepines for epilepsy

Answer 34

Generic names: Midazolam, Lorazepam + Diazepam MoA: GABA PAM (γ-subunit)

Question 35

Barbiturates (Barb) for epilepsy

Answer 35

Generic names: Phenobarbitone, Pentobarbitone + Primidone MoA: GABA PAM (β-subunit)

Question 36

Anticholinesterases for dementia

Answer 36

Generic names: Donepezil, Galantamine + Rivastigmine MoA: inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (reversible)

Question 37

Glutamate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for dementia

Answer 37

Generic name: Memantine MoA: VD blocker of NMDA receptors (NMDA NAM)

Question 38

Antimicrobial for CNS infections

Answer 38

Ceftriaxone: inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria Amoxicillin: induces cell wall lysis by blocking last stages of cell wall synthesis

Question 39

Antiviral for CNS infections

Answer 39

Generic name: Acyclovir MoA: inhibits viral DNA synthesis

Question 40

Corticosteroid for CNS infections

Answer 40

Generic name: Dexamethasone MoA: glucocorticoid receptor agonist