DRUGS - part A

Question 1

acetazolamide

Answer 1

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 
 = inhibits bicarbonate reabsorption in the PCT
 = not a good diuretic
 = causes acidosis and hypokalaemia
 = used to treat glaucoma

Question 2

adenosine

Answer 2

anti-dysrhythmic drug
 = class 5
 = a1/a2 agonist
 = causes potassium efflux and inhibits calcium influx
 = intravenous

Question 3

adrenaline

Answer 3

acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (stronger on alpha)
= impacts depend on what the receptor does, which is different in each part of the body

Question 4

amiloride

Answer 4

potassium sparing diuretic
= inhibits ENaC in collecting duct
= hyperkalaemia (K+ isn’t excreted if Na+ isn’t absorbed)

Question 5

amiodarone

Answer 5

ant-dysrhythmia 
 = class 3
 = blocks potassium channels, stops hyperpolarisation, increases refractory period, reduces exciteability
 = prolongs QRS and QT of ECG
 = relaxes vessels to reduce resistance
 = beta receptor inhibitor

Question 6

amphetamines

Answer 6

inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline by VMAT

= alpha and beta agonist

Question 7

aspirin

Answer 7

= prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor (prostaglandins cause uterine contractions and are responsible for inflammatory response like platelet plug)
= stops platelet aggregation

= COX inhibitor
= binds covalently = irreversible inhibition of COX

Question 8

atenolol

Answer 8

beta 1 blocker/antagonist = Gs = less cAMP
= decrease cardiac output
= for hypertension

Question 9

atracurium

Answer 9

= competitive
= non-depolarising
= antagonist of nicotinic receptors at the NMJ

Question 10

atropine

Answer 10

muscarinic antagonist

= M1, M2 and M3

Question 11

bendroflumethiazide

Answer 11

thiazide diuretic
 = inhibits NaCl transporter
DISTAL TUBULE
= less potent than loop diuretics 
= treat hypertension

Question 12

botulinum toxin

Answer 12

= works at the NMJ

= stops release of ACh from vesicles

Question 13

ouabain

Answer 13

cardiac glycoside
inhibits Na+/K+ATPase
= increases intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ (calcium increases because NCX cannot bring it back in if the na+ isn’t decreased)

= INCREASES CONTRACTILITY
= used for fibrillation and hypOtension

Question 14

cardiac glycosides

Answer 14

ouabain and digoxin

Question 15

digoxin

Answer 15

cardiac glycoside
 = inhibits na+/K+ ATPase
 = increases Na+ and ca2+
 = increased contractile force = improves ejection fraction
 = DECREASE HEART RATE

Question 16

dobutamine

Answer 16

= beta 1 agonist
= catcholamine
= increase contractility= increase stroke volume = increased cardiac output

Question 17

furosemide

Answer 17

loop diuretic 
 = inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter
 = THICK ASCENDING LIMB
 = this stops the gradient needed to reabsorb water
 = hypOkalaemia 
= peripheral vasodilator
 = treatment of oedema
 = inhibits feedback to glomerulus via macula dense

Question 18

insulin

Answer 18

= secreted by pancreatic beta cells
= lowers raised plasma glucose via GLUT4

= works on tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 19

sulphonylurea drugs

Answer 19

work to lower blood glucose

used for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Question 20

GLP

Answer 20

glucagon like peptide
hormone
sensitises pancreatic beta cells to glucose so they can make insulin in a proportional amount
= stimulates secretion of insulin

Question 21

isoprenaline

Answer 21

non-selective beta AGONIST

Question 22

isoprenaline, noradrenaline and adrenaline on alpha and beta

Answer 22

ALPHA 1:
most = adrenaline
noradrenaline
least = isoprenaline (does not cause effect)

BETA 1 AND 2:
most = isoprenaline
noradrenaline
least = adrenaline

Question 23

tetrodotoxin

Answer 23

TTX
inhibits Na+ channels in action potential
= prevents action potential

Question 24

tetraethylammonium

Answer 24

TEA
inhibits K+ channels in action potential
vasodilator
= longer AP with higher magnitude

Question 25

lidocaine

Answer 25

anaesthetic = sodium channel blocker = no AP = first blocks pain, then sensory, then motor neurones = use with vasoconstrictors to keep it local

Question 26

tubocurarine

Answer 26

non-depolarising = antagonist of nicotinic receptors at NMJ competitive = relaxes muscles

Question 27

neostigmine

Answer 27

anti-cholinesterase = more ACh = more contraction at NMJ | TREAT MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Question 28

suxamethonium

Answer 28

depolarising (agonist) of nicotinic receptors at the NMJ | = prolongs depolarisation of skeletal muscle until it is blocked

Question 29

nicotine

Answer 29

nicotinic agonist

Question 30

muscarine

Answer 30

muscarinic agonist

Question 31

other neurotransmitters

Answer 31

NO = nitric oxide neuropeptides = neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ATP

Question 32

mannitol

Answer 32

osmotic diuretic = increases the osmolarity of filtrate = water doesn't leave = used for oedema = laxative

Question 33

omeprazole

Answer 33

proton pump inhibitor blocks H+/K+ATPase = reduced acid secretion in the stomach = used for peptic ulcers

Question 34

penicillin

Answer 34

secreted from the renal tubules along with uric acid

Question 35

spironolactone

Answer 35

potassium sparing diuretic = aldosterone antagonist = fewer ENaC and Na+/K+ATPase = hyperkalaemia

Question 36

propranolol

Answer 36

non-selective beta antagonist | = treat hypertension

Question 37

ranitidine

Answer 37

histamine h2 ANTAGONIST = decrease gastric acid secretion peptic ulcers

Question 38

salbutamol

Answer 38

beta 2 agonist = dilates bronchi = asthma

Question 39

verapamil

Answer 39

calcium channel blocker/antagonist = angina, hypertension, arrhythmia = relaxation of blood vessels to reduce pressure (also an alpha antagonist)