Drugs & The Nervous System

Question 1

What is a drug?

Answer 1

Any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its nature alters structure or function in a living organism

Question 2

What is a Psychoactive Drug?

Answer 2

drugs that specifically affect thoughts, emotions behavior

Question 3

What is drug use?

Answer 3

When an organism actively takes a drug into its body to produce an effect

Question 4

What is drug abuse?

Answer 4

using a drug in a manner that causes problems or greatly increases the chance of problems occurring

Question 5

What is one drug effect?
Are drug effects dependent on dosage?
Do all drugs have multiple effects?

Answer 5

-exhibit characteristic phenomenon
-effects are dependent on dosage
-all drugs have multiple effects

Question 6

Explain what nonspecific effects (placebo) is.

Answer 6

occurs when a person experiences a perceived improvement in symptoms after taking a non-active substance, simply because they expect it to work.

Question 7

What are placebo effects important in treating?

Answer 7

pain and depression

80% of the effectiveness of the drugs was due to placebo

Question 8

Explain what dependence is.

Answer 8

Consistent and frequent use of a drug, along with difficulty if use of the drug were discontinued

Question 9

What happens when attempting to withdrawal from a drug?

Answer 9

produces characteristic physiological experiences that are relieved by administration of the drug

called Physiological Dependence or Physical Dependence

Question 10

Name the general categories of drugs.

Answer 10

-stimulants
-hallucinogens
-marijuana
-depressants
-opioids
-psychotherapeutics
-nicotine

Question 11

Examples of stimulants

Answer 11

Cocaine
Amphetamine
Caffine

Question 12

Examples of hallucinogens

Answer 12

psilocybin
LSD
ayahuasca

Question 13

Examples of depressants

Answer 13

alcohol
benzodiazepines
other sedatives
sleeping pills
inhalants

Question 14

Examples of opioids

Answer 14

morphine
codeine
heroin
oxycodone

Question 15

examples of psychotherapeutics

Answer 15

cymbalta
abilify

Question 16

What is Marijuana made from?

Answer 16

leaves and flowers of plants in the Cannabis genus

Question 17

Flowers contain

Answer 17

High concentration of resin

Question 18

Leaves contain

Answer 18

Medium concentration of resin

Question 19

fiborous stalks contain

Answer 19

little resin

Question 20

How can the active ingredients in Cannabis be prepared?

Answer 20

dried and smoked

collected and purified (hashish)

Question 21

How is hashish made?

Answer 21

resin is collected and purified from the cannabis

Question 22

How many cannabinoids are known?

Answer 22

70

Question 23

Name a few of the cannabinoids.

Answer 23

-Cannabinol
-cannabidiol
-cannabigerol
-9-delta-tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 24

Explain the function of the 9-delta-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Answer 24

Most pharmacologically active cannabinoid
Partial agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 & CB2)

A partial agonist: a drug that binds to a receptor and activates it, but produces a smaller effect than a full agonist. Partial agonists have an intrinsic activity between 0.0 and 1.0

Question 25

Explain the function and location of CB1

Answer 25

CB1 is found in the brain, liver, and lungs Regulate memory, feeding behavior, motor function

Question 26

Explain the function and location of CB2

Answer 26

CB2 is found in **immune cells** of the body (ex; thymus, tonsils, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells) Regulate immune function

Question 27

What happens when THC interacts with CB1 in the **nucleus accubens?**

Answer 27

to gate emotional and motivational responses euphoria

Question 28

What happens when THC interacts with CB1 in the **cerebellum?**

Answer 28

involved in the control of cerebellar motor function Motor coordination difficulties ## Footnote clumsiness or reduced physical control

Question 29

What happens when THC interacts with CB1 in the **cerebral cortex?**

Answer 29

Reduced verbal communication Increased non-verbal communication Increased appreciation of humor​ Decreased cognitive performance (more severe in infrequent users)​ Paranoia, hallucination (often in infrequent users)

Question 30

What happens when THC interacts with CB1 in the **hippocampus?**

Answer 30

Reduced short-term memory function (often in infrequent users)

Question 31

What happens when THC interacts with CB1 in the **hypothalamus?**

Answer 31

Hunger

Question 32

What happens when THC interacts with CB1 in the **brainstem?**

Answer 32

Anti-nausea prevents vomiting

Question 33

What active compound interacts with CB1 receptors after smoking marijuana?

Answer 33

9-delta tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Question 34

What are additional things what the THC produces?

Answer 34

-increased heart rate -bronchodilation -dry mouth -bloodshot eyes

Question 35

In what areas of the brain are CB1 receptors found?

Answer 35

-cerebellum -basal ganglia -hippocampus -dorsal primary afferent spinal cord regions -lungs -liver -kidneys

Question 36

Why did marijuana become popular in the 1960s-1970s

Answer 36

became a symbol of rejection of authority

Question 37

What is the most widely used illict drug?

Answer 37

marijuana

Question 38

Can you overdose from marijuana?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

If you take marijuana while having cardiovascular issues, what are you at risk for?

Answer 39

heart attack/stroke

Question 40

If you take marijuana consistently, what decreases?

Answer 40

-cognitive performance -motor performance (increases risk of injury/death) -testosterone -sperm count (MALES ONLY)

Question 41

Marijuana can cause...

Answer 41

anxiety and panic attacks (context-dependent) Increases the likelihood of psychotic episode in those prone to psychosi

Question 42

Marijuana can cause damage to the

Answer 42

lungs

Question 43

What kind of potential does marijuana have?

Answer 43

moderate-dependence potential

Question 44

Do people seek help for dependancy for marijuana?

Answer 44

Yes, higher than all drugs except **alcohol** and **opioids**.