Drugs to Know Flashcards by McKenna Scott

Q

Acetylcholine

A

cholinergic agonist

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Q

Bethanechol

A

cholinergic agonist

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Carbachol

A

cholinergic agonist

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Q

Cevimeline

A

cholinergic agonist

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Q

Nicotine

A

cholinergic agonist

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Pilocarpine

A

cholinergic agonist

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Q

Varenicline

A

cholinergic agonist

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Q

Edrophonium

A

anticholinesterase;

SHORT ACTING

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Q

Donepezil

A

anticholinesterase;

intermediate acting

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Q

Galantamine

A

anticholinesterase;

intermediate acting

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Q

Neostigmine

A

anticholinesterase;

intermediate acting

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Q

Physostigmine

A

anticholinesterase;

intermediate acting

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Q

Pyridostigmine

A

anticholinesterase;

intermediate acting

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Q

Rivastigmine

A

anticholinesterase;

intermediate acting

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Q

Echothiophate

A

anticholinesterase;

long acting

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Q

Malathion

A

anticholinesterase;

long acting

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Q

Parathion

A

anticholinesterase;

long acting

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Q

Sarin

A

anticholinesterase;

long acting

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Q

Pralidoxime

A

reactivation of acetylcholinesterase

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Q

Atropine

A

cholinoceptor-blocking

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Q

Cyclopentolate

A

cholinoceptor-blocking

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Q

Dicyclomine

A

cholinoceptor-blocking

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Q

Homatropine

A

cholinoceptor-blocking

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Q

Ipratropium

A

cholinoceptor-blocking

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Oxybutynin

cholinoceptor-blocking

Scopolamine

cholinoceptor-blocking

Tiotropium

cholinoceptor-blocking

Tropicamide

cholinoceptor-blocking

Epinephrine

non-selective alpha and beta agonist

Midodrine

Alpha-1 agonist

Phenylephrine

Alpha-1 agonist

Tetrahydrozoline

Alpha-1 agonist

Apraclonidine

Alpha-2 agonist

Brimonidine

Alpha-2 agonist

Clonidine

Alpha-2 agonist

Isoproterenol

non-selective beta agonist

Dobutamine

Beta-1 agonist

Albuterol

Beta-2 agonist

Formoterol

Beta-2 agonist

Metaproterenol

Beta-2 agonist

Salmeterol

Beta-2 agonist

Terbutaline

Beta-2 agonist

Phenoxybenzamine

non-selective alpha antagonist

Phentolamine

non-selective alpha antagonist

Alfuzosin

Alpha-1 antagonist

Doxazosin

Alpha-1 antagonist

Prazosin

Alpha-1 antagonist

Tamsulosin

Alpha-1 antagonist

Terazosin

Alpha-1 antagonist

Yohimbine

Alpha-2 antagonist

Carteolol

non-selective beta antagonist

Carvedilol

non-selective beta antagonist

Labetalol

non-selective beta antagonist

Nadolol

non-selective beta antagonist

Pindolol

non-selective beta antagonist

Propranolol

non-selective beta antagonist

Timolol

non-selective beta antagonist

Acebutolol

Beta-1 selective antagonist

Atenolol

Beta-1 selective antagonist

Betaxolol

Beta-1 selective antagonist

Bisoprolol

Beta-1 selective antagonist

Esmolol

Beta-1 selective antagonist

Metoprolol

Beta-1 selective antagonist

Nebivolol

Beta-1 selective antagonist

Penicillin G

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Natural Penicillin

Penicillin V

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Natural Penicillin

Dicloxacillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillin (2nd Gen)

Methicillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillin (2nd Gen)

Nafcillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillin (2nd Gen)

Oxacillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillin (2nd Gen)

Amoxicillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Aminopenicillin (3rd Gen)

Ampicillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Aminopenicillin (3rd Gen)

Piperacillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Extended Spectrum Penicillin (4th Gen)

Ticarcillin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase Extended Spectrum Penicillin (4th Gen)

Cefadroxil

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 1st Gen Cephalosporin

Cefazolin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 1st Gen Cephalosporin

Cephalexin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 1st Gen Cephalosporin

Cefaclor

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 2nd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefotetan

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 2nd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefoxitin

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 2nd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefprozil

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 2nd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefuroxime

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 2nd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefdinir

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefditoren

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefixime

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefotaxime

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefpodoxime

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Ceftazidime

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Ceftibuten

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Ceftriaxone

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

Cefepime

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 4th Gen Cephalosporin

Ceftaroline

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 5th Gen Cephalosporin

Ceftolozane

cell wall inhibitor: transpeptidase 5th Gen Cephalosporin

Clavulanic acid

beta-lactamase inhibitor (given w/ amoxicillin or ticarcillin)

Sulbactam

beta-lactamse inhibitor (given w/ ampicillin)

Tazobactam

beta-lactamase inhibitor (given w/ piperacillin)

Bacitracin

cell wall inhibitor: peptidoglycan

Daptomycin

induces rapid depolarization of cell membrane, which disrupts membrane function (not a true "cell wall antibiotic")

Telavancin

cell wall inhibitor

Vancomycin

cell wall inhibitor: peptidoglycan

Demeclocycline

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Tetracycline

Doxycycline

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Tetracycline

Minocycline

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Tetracycline

Tetracycline

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Tetracycline

Amikacin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Aminoglycoside

Gentamicin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Aminoglycoside

Neomycin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Aminoglycoside

Streptomycin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Aminoglycoside

Tobramycin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 30s subunit Aminoglycoside

Azithromycin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 50s subunit Macrolide

Clarithromycin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 50s subunit Macrolide

Erythromycin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 50s subunit Macrolide

Fidaxomicin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 50s subunit Macrolide

Clindamycin

protein synthesis inhibitor: 50s subunit

Linezolid

protein synthesis inhibitor: prevents 50s subunit from binding to 30s

Ciprofloxacin

inhibitor of DNA replication: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV 2nd Generation Fluoroquinolone

Ofloxacin

inhibitor of DNA replication: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV 2nd Generation Fluoroquinolone

Levofloxacin

inhibitor of DNA replication: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV 3rd Generation Fluoroquinolone

Gemifloxacin

inhibitor of DNA replication: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV 4th Generation Fluoroquinolone

Moxifloxacin

inhibitor of DNA replication: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV 4th Generation Fluoroquinolone

Sulfacetamide

inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

Sulfadiazine

inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

Sulfamethoxazole

inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

Trimethoprim

inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

Cotrimoxazole/Bactrim

inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

Ethambutol

antimycobacterial drug interferes with cell wall synthesis

Isoniazid

antimycobacterial drug inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in cell wall

Pyrazinamide

antimycobacterial drug lowers intracellular pH and inhibits growth

Rifampin

antimycobacterial drug blocks transcription

Rifabutin

antimycobacterial drug

Rifapentine

antimycobacterial drug interacts with bacterial RNA polymerase to block transcription

Clotrimazole

anti-fungal: Azole disrupts fungal membrane structure and function by inhibiting enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Fluconazole

anti-fungal: Azole disrupts fungal membrane structure and function by inhibiting enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Itraconazole

anti-fungal: Azole disrupts fungal membrane structure and function by inhibiting enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Ketoconazole

anti-fungal: Azole disrupts fungal membrane structure and function by inhibiting enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Miconazole

anti-fungal: Azole disrupts fungal membrane structure and function by inhibiting enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Posaconazole

anti-fungal: Azole disrupts fungal membrane structure and function by inhibiting enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Voriconazole

anti-fungal: Azole disrupts fungal membrane structure and function by inhibiting enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol

Anidulafungin

anti-fungal: Echinocandin interferes with synthesis of B-glucan which disrupts fungal cell wall and causes lysis and cell death

Caspofungin

anti-fungal: Echinocandin interferes with synthesis of B-glucan which disrupts fungal cell wall and causes lysis and cell death

Micafungin

anti-fungal: Echinocandin interferes with synthesis of B-glucan which disrupts fungal cell wall and causes lysis and cell death

Amphotericin B

anti-fungal: Polyene Macrolide binds to ergosterol in plasma membrane and forms a pore, allowing electrolytes and small molecules to escape, resulting in cell death

Natamycin

anti-fungal: Polyene Macrolide binds to ergosterol in plasma membrane and forms a pore, allowing electrolytes and small molecules to escape, resulting in cell death

Nystatin

anti-fungal: Polyene Macrolide binds to ergosterol in plasma membrane and forms a pore, allowing electrolytes and small molecules to escape, resulting in cell death

Naftifine

anti-fungal: Allylamine inhibits enzyme that converts squalene to lanosterol; blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol; squalene builds up and becomes toxic

Terbinafine

anti-fungal: Allylamine inhibits enzyme that converts squalene to lanosterol; blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol; squalene builds up and becomes toxic

Tolnaftate

anti-fungal: Allylamine inhibits enzyme that converts squalene to lanosterol; blocks biosynthesis of ergosterol; squalene builds up and becomes toxic

Flucytosine

anti-fungal disrupts DNA/protein synthesis; converted intracellularly into 5-FU (antimetabolite)

Oseltamivir

anti-viral- Influenza A/B selectively inhibit neuraminidase which is essential to life cycle of the virus - prevents release of new virions

Zanamivir

anti-viral- Influenza A/B selectively inhibit neuraminidase which is essential to life cycle of the virus - prevents release of new virions

Amantadine

anti-viral- Influenza A block viral membrane matrix protein M2 - virus cannot be internalized by the host cell and uncoating does not occur

Rimantadine

anti-viral- Influenza A block viral membrane matrix protein M2 - virus cannot be internalized by the host cell and uncoating does not occur

Interferon Alpha

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C thought to induce host cell enzymes to inhibit viral RNA translation; leads to degradation of viral RNA

Daclatasvir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C 5A inhibitor- interferes with enzyme 5A, which is responsible for RNA replication and virion assembly

Eblasvir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C 5A inhibitor- interferes with enzyme 5A, which is responsible for RNA replication and virion assembly

Ledipasvir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C 5A inhibitor- interferes with enzyme 5A, which is responsible for RNA replication and virion assembly

Ombitasvir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C 5A inhibitor- interferes with enzyme 5A, which is responsible for RNA replication and virion assembly

Grazoprevir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C protease inhibitor- prevents viral maturation

Paritaprevir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C protease inhibitor- prevents viral maturation

Simeprevir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C protease inhibitor- prevents viral maturation

Adefovir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitor- inhibits reverse transcriptase, causing termination of replication

Entecavir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitor- inhibits reverse transcriptase, causing termination of replication

Lamivudine

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C, HIV nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitor/ NRTI- inhibits reverse transcriptase, causing termination of replication

Sofosbuvir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitor- inhibits reverse transcriptase, causing termination of replication

Tenofovir

anti-viral- Hepatitis B/C, HIV nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitor/ NRTI- inhibits reverse transcriptase, causing termination of replication

Acyclovir

anti-viral- herpesvirus inhibits DNA polymerase and is incorporated into viral DNA; converted to active form by viral enzyme

Famciclovir

anti-viral- herpesvirus inhibits DNA polymerase and is incorporated into viral DNA; converted to active form by viral enzyme

Valacyclovir

anti-viral- herpesvirus inhibits DNA polymerase and is incorporated into viral DNA; converted to active form by viral enzyme

Trifluridine

anti-viral- herpesvirus inhibits DNA polymerase and is able to be incorporated into cellular DNA

Ganciclovir

anti-viral- herpesvirus inhibits DNA polymerase and can be incorporated into viral DNA; converted to active form by viral enzyme

Cidofovir

anti-viral- herpesvirus inhibits viral DNA synthesis

Abacavir

anti-viral- HIV NRTI- inhibits reverse transcriptase and incorporates into viral DNA

Didanosine

anti-viral- HIV NRTI- inhibits reverse transcriptase and incorporates into viral DNA

Emtricitabine

anti-viral- HIV NRTI- inhibits reverse transcriptase and incorporates into viral DNA

Stavudine

anti-viral- HIV NRTI- inhibits reverse transcriptase and incorporates into viral DNA

Zidovudine

anti-viral- HIV NRTI- inhibits reverse transcriptase and incorporates into viral DNA

Efavirenz

anti-viral- HIV NNRTI- highly selective inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Etravirine

anti-viral- HIV NNRTI- highly selective inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Nevirapine

anti-viral- HIV NNRTI- highly selective inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Rilpivirine

anti-viral- HIV NNRTI- highly selective inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Atazanavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Darunavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Fosamprenavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Indinavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Nelfinavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Ritonavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Saquinavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Tipranavir

anti-viral- HIV protease inhibitor- prevents maturation of viral particles (results in production of noninfectious virions)

Enfuvirtide

anti-viral- HIV fusion inhibitor- blocks protein on the virus cell, preventing fusion with the host membrane

Maraviroc

anti-viral- HIV entry inhibitor- blocks the binding of the viral membrane to the host cell; prevents virus from entering

Dolutegravir

anti-viral- HIV integrase inhibitor- inhibits the final step in integration of viral DNA into the host DNA

Elvitegravir

anti-viral- HIV integrase inhibitor- inhibits the final step in integration of viral DNA into the host DNA

Raltegravir

anti-viral- HIV integrase inhibitor- inhibits the final step in integration of viral DNA into the host DNA

Cytarabine

anticancer- antimetabolite enters cell through carrier-mediated process and inhibits DNA polymerase- also can be incorporated into cellular DNA

5-Fluouracil

anticancer- antimetabolite enters cell through carrier-mediated transport system, forms a molecular complex that deprives the cell of thymidine, stopping DNA synthesis

Mercaptopurine

anticancer- antimetabolite 3 prong MOA: - nucleotide formation - inhibition of protein synthesis - incorporated into nucleic acids

Methotrexate

anticancer- antimetabolite dihydrofolate reductase antagonist; leads to decreased production of required nucleic compounds; DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis is depressed, leading to cell death

Thioguanine

anticancer- antimetabolite 3 prong MOA: - nucleotide formation - inhibition of protein synthesis - incorporated into nucleic acids

Bleomycin

anticancer- antitumor antibiotics causes scission of DNA (oxidative process); causes cells to accumulate in G2 phase

Dactinomycin

anticancer- antitumor antibiotics forms stable complex with DNA; inserts into double helix between G-C base pairs and interferes with RNA polymerase

Doxorubicin

anticancer- antitumor antibiotics induce cytotoxicity by producing free radicals that damage cells DNA

Carmustine

anticancer- alkylating agent alkylation of DNA that inhibits replication; cytotoxic only in actively dividing cells

Dacarbazine

anticancer- alkylating agent attacks nucleophilic groups in DNA

Lomustine

anticancer- alkylating agent alkylation of DNA that inhibits replication; cytotoxic only in actively dividing cells

Mechlorethamine

anticancer- alkylating agent cross-links between guanine bases in DNA; cause strand breakage and occasional miscoding mutations

Docetaxel

anticancer- mitotic inhibitor binds to tubulin subunit and promote stabilization of microtubules- overly stable microtubules are nonfunctional

Paclitaxel

anticancer- mitotic inhibitor binds to tubulin subunit and promote stabilization of microtubules- overly stable microtubules are nonfunctional

Vinblastine

anticancer- mitotic inhibitor bind to microtubular protein and prevent polymerization

Vincristine

anticancer- mitotic inhibitor bind to microtubular protein and prevent polymerization

Aminoglutethimide

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists aromatase inhibitor- decreases production of estrogen; also inhibits hydrocortisone synthesis

Anastrozole

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists aromatase inhibitor- decreases production of estrogen; nonsteroidal

Bicalutamide

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists nonsteroidal antiandrogens; compete with natural hormone for androgen receptor; prevent translocation of hormone into nucleus

Estrogens

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists block production of LH; decrease synthesis of androgens in the testis

Exemestane

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists aromatase inhibitor- decreases production of estrogen; steroidal inhibitor of aromatase

Flutamide

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists nonsteroidal antiandrogens; compete with natural hormone for androgen receptor; prevent translocation of hormone into nucleus

Goserelin

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists analog of gonadotrophin releasing hormone; act as agonist; binding to receptor causes desensitization; androgen and estrogen synthesis is reduced

Letrozole

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists aromatase inhibitor- decreases production of estrogen; nonsteroidal

Leuprolide

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists analog of gonadotrophin releasing hormone; act as agonist; binding to receptor causes desensitization; androgen and estrogen synthesis is reduced

Nilutamide

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists nonsteroidal antiandrogens; compete with natural hormone for androgen receptor; prevent translocation of hormone into nucleus

Prednisone

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists triggers production of specific proteins that reduce cell growth and proliferation

Tamoxifen

anticancer- steroid hormones and antagonists competitive estrogen antagonist; RNA synthesis does not occur; result is depletion of estrogen receptors, suppressing growth promoting factors

Bevacizumab

anticancer- monoclonal antibody antiangiogenesis agent; decreases oxygen supply to tumor cells

Rituximab

anticancer- monoclonal antibody binds to site on B lymphocytes and recruits immune effector functions; induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Trastuzumab

anticancer- monoclonal antibody attaches to breast cancer-specific receptor; cells undergo G1 arrest and reduction of proliferation

Carboplatin

anticancer- platinum coordination complex binds to guanine in DNA forming cross-links; damage DNA molecule, preventing replication

Cisplatin

anticancer- platinum coordination complex binds to guanine in DNA forming cross-links; damage DNA molecule, preventing replication

Interferons

anticancer binding of interferon produces complex intracellular reactions: - enzyme synthesis - suppression of cell proliferation - activation of macrophages - increased cytotoxicity of lymphocytes

Oxaliplatin

anticancer- platinum coordination complex binds to guanine in DNA forming cross-links; damage DNA molecule, preventing replication

Echinacea

herbal supplement - immune modulation - anti-inflammatory effects - antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects

Garlic

herbal supplement - cardiovascular effects (decrease cholesterol, anti-platelet, decrease in blood pressure) - antibiotic effects - reduction of carcinogen activation

Ginkgo

herbal supplement - cardiovascular effects (increased blood flow and vasodilation) - metabolic effects (antioxidant, anti-apoptotic) - CNS effects (change receptor densities, improvements in cognition and concentration)

Ginseng

herbal supplement - modulation of immune function - increased CNS levels of ACh, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (mood-lifting effect) - antioxidant activity - anti-inflammatory activity - antistress activity - antiplatelet activity - improved glucose homeostasis - anticancer properties

Milk Thistle

herbal supplement - liver disease (limits hepatic injury, anti-inflammatory) - chemotherapeutic effects (reduce tumor initiation in skin cancer, induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest) - lactation

St. John's Wort

herbal supplement - anti-depressant action (inhibition of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine re-uptake; increases expression of serotonin receptors) - antiviral and anticarcinogenic effects (HIV and certain carcinomas)

Coenzyme Q10

purified supplement - hypertension - heart failure (improves cardiac output) - Ischemic Heart Disease - prevention of Statin-induced myopathy

Glucosamine

purified supplement -thought to increase the supply of cartilage building blocks (better maintenance and strengthening of existing cartilage, joint health)

Melatonin

purified supplement - jet lag - insomnia (also increases REM sleep)