Drugs Used In Gastrointestinal Disorders

Question 1

What are some problems of the GI?

Answer 1

Regurgitation, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, colic, bloat, flatulence, abnormal stools, and constipation

Question 2

What are some functions of the GI?

Answer 2

• Intake of fluid and food into the body
• Absorption of nutrients and fluid
• Excretion of waste products

Question 3

Salivary glands begin enzymatic digestion by producing enzymes that breakdown starch into simpler _____

Answer 3

Carbohydrates

Question 4

____ delivered to the duodenum break down fats, carbs, proteins and sdoium bicarbonate from the pancreas neutralizes hydrochloric acid from the stomach

Answer 4

Pancreatic enzymes

Question 5

Where are bile salts produced?

Answer 5

In the liver and delivered in the duodenum aid in the digestion by emulsifying fats

Question 6

What are the 3 sections of the intestines?

Answer 6

Duodenum where the pancreas is located, the long and highly coiled jejunum, and the short ileum which connects to the large intestines.

Question 7

Movements of the small intestines mix the intestinal contents called ____ and move them toward the large intestine

Answer 7

Chyme

Question 8

What is perstalsis?

Answer 8

A wave of contractions that propels contents along the digestive tract

Question 9

What is sepmentation?

Answer 9

Periodic, repeating pattern of intestinal constrictions that serve to mix and churn the contents

Question 10

What is the definition of vomiting?

Answer 10

Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth

Question 11

Vomiting is initiated by the activation of the emetic center in the ____ of the brain.

Answer 11

Medulla

Question 12

What is the vomiting center connected to?

Answer 12

Nerve pathways to the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ), the cerebral cortex, and the peripheral receptors in the pharynx, GIT, urinary system, and the heart

Question 13

Vomiting impulses may be generated by?

Answer 13

Pain, excitement, fear, disturbances in the inner ear, drugs (apomorphine and digoxin), metabolic conditions (wremia, ketonemia, endotoxemia), and irritation of peripheral receptors

Question 14

What are 2 species that do not vomit?

Answer 14

Horses and rats

Question 15

What are drugs that induce vomiting called?

Answer 15

Emetics

Question 16

Emetics are contraindicated when patients are?

Answer 16

Comatose or having a seizure, have depressed pharyngeal reflexes, are in shock or are dyspnic and have ingested strong acid, alkali or other caustic substances

Question 17

Emetics are classified according to the site of action, what are those 2 sites?

Answer 17

Centrally acting (act on the CRTZ) and Peripherally acting are locally acting and are home remedies or OTC

Question 18

What centrally acting emetic is a morphine derivative that stimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ which then activates the vomiting center?

Answer 18

Apomorphine

Question 19

True or False
Apomorphine is poorly absorbed after oral administration and is therefore usually administered topically in the conjunctival sac or parenterally

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What centrally acting emetic is controversial in cats? What is a better solution for cats?

Answer 20

Apomorphine

Xylazine

Question 21

True or False

Xylazine is a beta 2 agonist

Answer 21

False

Alpha 2 agonist

Question 22

What locally acting emetic is obtained from plant roots?

Answer 22

Syrup of Ipecac

Question 23

What does syrup of Ipecac contain?

Answer 23

Alkaloids that irritate gastric mucosa and induce vomiting within 10-30 mins

Question 24

What locally acting emetic can be used orally? What percent?

Answer 24

Hydrogen Perioxide (3%)

Question 25

What is the dose for hydrogen perioxide?

Answer 25

1 tsp (5ml) per 5 lbs (not to exceed 45 mls) repeat only once

Question 26

True or False | Mustard and warm salt water can be used as a locally acting emetic

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What are antiemetics?

Answer 27

Drugs that are used to prevent or control vomiting

Question 28

What antiemetic is centrally acting and blocks dopamine and is useful in preventing motion sickness in dogs and cats?

Answer 28

Phenothiazine Derivatives (Chlorpromazine)

Question 29

What is an example of Phenothiazine Derivatives?

Answer 29

Chlorpromazine

Question 30

What antiemetic has central and peripheral acting abilities but has a short half life and may often have to be administered as a continuous drip?

Answer 30

Procainamide Derivatives (Metoclopramide)

Question 31

What is an example of a Procainamide Derivative?

Answer 31

Metoclopramide

Question 32

What antiemetic can be used for parvo, uremic vomiting, and vomiting associated with chemo?

Answer 32

Procainamide Derivative

Question 33

True or False | All antihistamines may cause sedation

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What are some examples of antihistamines?

Answer 34

Dramamine, diphenydramine (benadryl)

Question 35

What antiemetic if found on the vagal nerve terminals and in the CRTZ cortex?

Answer 35

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists

Question 36

Which antiemetic works by blocking the binding of substance P (a neurotransmitter involved in vomiting) to NK-1 receptors in the CRTZ?

Answer 36

NK-1 Receptor Antagonists

Question 37

What is an example of a NK-1 Receptor Antagonist medication?

Answer 37

Maropitant citrate (cerenia)

Question 38

With H2 Receptor Antagonists one of the primary stimuli for secretion of hydrochloric acid by gastric parietal cells is activation of H2 receptors by ______.

Answer 38

Histamine

Question 39

True or False | No H2 blockers are OTC products

Answer 39

False | All of them are

Question 40

What are some examples of H2 Receptor Antagonists that are OTC?

Answer 40

Cimetidine (Tagamet) Ranitidine (Zantac) Famootidine (Pepcid)

Question 41

Which of the H2 Receptor Antagonists is the least potent?

Answer 41

Cimetidine (Tagamet)

Question 42

Which of the H2 Receptor Antagonists also has prokinetic activity in that it promotes gastric emptying?

Answer 42

Ranitidine (Zantac)

Question 43

Which of the H2 Receptor Antagonists is the most potent?

Answer 43

Famootidine (Pepcid)

Question 44

What is an example of a proton pump inhibitor?

Answer 44

Omeprazole (prilosec)

Question 45

What does proton pump inhibitors bind to?

Answer 45

Binds irreversibly at the secretory surface of the parietal cell to the enzyme Na-K-ATPase

Question 46

Which enzyme in the proton pump inhibitor is responsible for pumping hydrogen ions into the stomach?

Answer 46

Na-K-ATpase

Question 47

Which antiulcer medication is used to decrease hydrochloric acid levels in the stomach to aid in the treatment of gastric ulcers , gastritis, esopagitis?

Answer 47

Antacids

Question 48

True or False Antacids may also be used in patients with renal failure because antacids bind with intestinal phosphorus and reduce hyperphosphatemia

Answer 48

True