Drugs Used In Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders

Question 1

What is the urinary system composed of?

Answer 1

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 2

What is the trigone of the bladder?

Answer 2

2 ureters and 1 urethra

Question 3

What is the Hilus?

Answer 3

Indented medial side of the kidney where the ureters, nerves, blocks, and lymph vessels enter and leave

Question 4

What are some functions of the urinary system?

Answer 4

• To maintain homeostasis by: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
• Production of hormones
• Blood volume control
• BP regulation
• Filters toxins in blood (mainly urea)

Question 5

What is micturition?

Answer 5

Expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra

Question 6

What is the job of the nephron?

Answer 6

To regulate water and soluble matter (especially electrolytes) in the body

Question 7

True or False

Nephrons dont regenerate

Answer 7

True

Question 8

______ have large fenestrations in capillary endothelium (single layer)

Answer 8

Glomerular capillaires

Question 9

____ BP in glomerular capallaries force some plasma out and into the space of the _________

Answer 9

High

Bowmans Capsule

Question 10

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 10

How fast plasma is filtered through the glomerulus

Question 11

About 65% of reabsorption occurs in the ____ (water, Na, Cl, K, Ca, Bicarb, and 100% glucose amino acids)

Answer 11

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 12

What are some important substances that are secreted out of the kidney are?

Answer 12

Hydrogen, potassium, and ammonia

Question 13

Collecting ducts are the are also the site of _________ action which prevents dehydration

Answer 13

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 14

Impaired renal excretion of biotransformation causes delayed elimination of many drugs and enhances their ___ and ___ of action.

Answer 14

Toxicity

Duration

Question 15

True or False

The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine is used as an indicator of glomerular damage

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What is the definition of renal threshold of glucose?

Answer 16

When the blood glucose level gets too high, the amount of glucose filtered through the glomerulus exceeds the amount that can be reabsorbed and lost in the urine

Question 17

What are the 2 hormones that are responsible for the majority of urine volume regulation?

Answer 17

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

- Aldosterone

Question 18

What hormone acts on the DCT and collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption?

Answer 18

ADH

Question 19

True or False

ADH prevents water loss from the body, and regulates fluid balance.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Which hormone when working properly is the body’s fail safe mechanism so that we dont dehydrate if we lack of fluid intake?

Answer 20

ADH

Question 21

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 21

ADH

Question 22

True or False

If the posterior pituitary gland is not releasing adequate amounts of ADH, water is not being secreted.

Answer 22

False

Reabsorbed

Question 23

Which hormone of the bladder is one of the factors when diagnosing diabetes insipidus?

Answer 23

ADH

Question 24

True or False

Aldosterone decreases reabsorption of Na in DCT and collecting ducts back into the blood

Answer 24

False

Increases

Question 25

What causes an osmotic imbalance which causes water to flow back into the blood along with the sodium?

Answer 25

Aldosterone

Question 26

What is the definition of renal dysfunction?

Answer 26

Any pathological condition that results in th inability of the urine system to adequately remove waste materials from the blood

Question 27

True or False | Waste materials build up in the blood and become toxic to the pet and the resulting condition is called urea

Answer 27

False Uremia

Question 28

What is the definition of Uremia?

Answer 28

Abnormally high concentrations of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism in the blood

Question 29

True or False | Uremia can increase the sensitivity of some tissues to certain drugs

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Which drugs can be contraindicated in uremic patients?

Answer 30

Xylazine and Ketamine

Question 31

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 31

Formation of erythrocytes

Question 32

What is a hormone that is secreted by a healthy kidney that communicates with the bone marrow to make more RBC

Answer 32

Erythropoietin

Question 33

In diseased kidneys, what hormone is secreted in reduced amounts or not at all resulting in normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia?

Answer 33

Erythropoietin

Question 34

What human recombinant erythropoietin may be given to animals to treat nonregenerative anemia, but is considered the "last ditch effort"?

Answer 34

Epogen

Question 35

What is the definition of diuretic drugs?

Answer 35

Used to remove excess extracellular fluid by increasing urine flow (diuresis) and Na excretion and reducing hypertension

Question 36

What diuretic inhibits tubular reabsorption of Na at the loop of henle and makes tremendous diuresis?

Answer 36

Loop

Question 37

What diuretc is fast acting, given IV and promotes the excretion of Cl, K and water?

Answer 37

Loop

Question 38

What are some clinical uses of Loop Diuretics?

Answer 38

Treats CHF, pulmonary edema, hypercalcemic nephropathy and uremia

Question 39

What is an example of a loop diuretic?

Answer 39

Furosemide (Lasix)

Question 40

What are some side effects of Loop Diuretics?

Answer 40

Hypokalemia because of the increased excretion of K, so patients may have to be put on a potassium supplement

Question 41

What is an example of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 41

Glucose and mannitol

Question 42

Which diuretic drug treats oliguric acute renal failure and reduce intracranial and intraoccular pressure?

Answer 42

Osmotic

Question 43

What are some side effects of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 43

Electrolyte imbalances and vomiting

Question 44

What is an example of a thiazide diuretic?

Answer 44

Hydrochlorothiazide

Question 45

How do thiazide diuretics work?

Answer 45

By reducing edema by inhibiting reabsorption of Na, Cl, water at renal tubules

Question 46

True or False | Thiazide diuretics have a longer action than that of Loop diuretics?

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Which diuretics can cross the placental border?

Answer 47

Thiazide

Question 48

What are some clinical uses of Thiazide diuretics?

Answer 48

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and hypertension

Question 49

What are some side effects of Thiazide diuretics?

Answer 49

Hypokalemia if therapy is prolonged and cardiac dysfunction

Question 50

What is an example of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics?

Answer 50

Spironlactone

Question 51

Which diuretic is a weaker diuretic and has antihypertensive effects, but do conserve potassium?

Answer 51

Potassium Sparing

Question 52

True or False | Potassium Sparing cannot be used with other diuretics

Answer 52

False They can mainly Loop

Question 53

Which diuretic blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase, which is used by the body to maintain acid-base balance

Answer 53

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Question 54

What is an example of a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor?

Answer 54

Acetazolamide

Question 55

True or False Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors reduce intraoccular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor and may be used to treat glaucoma

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What are some side effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?

Answer 56

Hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis (tachypena, twitching, mouth ulcers, weight loss , and muscle loss)

Question 57

What is the definition of urinary incontinence?

Answer 57

The loss of voluntary control of micturition

Question 58

What are some examples of neurologic urinary incontinence?

Answer 58

Trauma to the spinal cord, turmors of the NS

Question 59

What are some examples of non-neurologic urinary incontinence?

Answer 59

Neoplasia, trauma to the bladder and stress

Question 60

What is an example of Cholinergic Agonsit drug?

Answer 60

Bethanechol

Question 61

Cholinergic agonists help void the bladder by _______, Anticholinergic agents urge incontinence by ______ retention of the bladder

Answer 61

Expulsion | Retention

Question 62

True or False | Cholinergic agonists promote function of ACH

Answer 62

True

Question 63

What is detrusor muscle?

Answer 63

Muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall

Question 64

What are some side effects of Cholinergic agonists?

Answer 64

Toxicity | Do not use of the integrity of the bladder is unknown

Question 65

What is an example of Anticholinergic agents?

Answer 65

Propantheline

Question 66

What are the 2 kinds of adrenergic antagonists?

Answer 66

- Alpha adrenergic antagonists | - Beta adrenergic antagonists

Question 67

What is an example of alpha adrenergic antagonist?

Answer 67

Prazosin, Phenoxybenzamine

Question 68

Which adrenergic antagonist is useful when treating urinary retention cause of detrusor areflexia (absense of detrusor contractions) or functional urethral obstruction?

Answer 68

Alpha

Question 69

What is a side effect of Alpha adrenergic antagonist?

Answer 69

Rapid decrease in BP resulting in weakness or syncope after the first dose

Question 70

What is an example of Beta adrenergic antagonist?

Answer 70

Propanolol

Question 71

Which adrenergic antagonist inhibits the action of catecholamines and inhibit the stimulation of the sympathetic NS?

Answer 71

Beta

Question 72

What is Beta adrenergic antagonist used to control?

Answer 72

Mild to moderate hypertension associated with CRF

Question 73

True or False | When blood volume is low, kidneys secrete renin directly into circulation

Answer 73

True

Question 74

How does angiotension 1 convert to angiotension 2?

Answer 74

ACE (Angiotension converting enzyme)

Question 75

What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 75

Benazepril, captopril, enalapril

Question 76

What may be substituted for or used in combination with other meds if previous drug therapy to control hypertension fails?

Answer 76

Vasodilatros and calcium channel blockers

Question 77

What is an example of a vasodilator?

Answer 77

Dopamine

Question 78

What is an example of calcium channel blocker?

Answer 78

Diltiazem and amlodipine

Question 79

What is an example of a urinary acidifier?

Answer 79

Methigel

Question 80

True or False | Urinary acidifiers assist in dissolving and preventing formation of struvite uroliths

Answer 80

True

Question 81

What is an example of urinary alkalizers?

Answer 81

Potassium citrate, sodium bicarbonate

Question 82

True or False | Urinary Alkalizers are easily dissolved in calcium oxalate crystals without altering calcium metabolism in the body

Answer 82

False Difficult to dissolve

Question 83

What is an example of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor?

Answer 83

Allopurinol

Question 84

What urolith treatment helps dalmations and paitents with gout?

Answer 84

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

Question 85

What are found covering the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract?

Answer 85

GAGs

Question 86

What keeps microrganisms and crystals from adhering to the bladder wall?

Answer 86

GAGs

Question 87

True or False | Defects in surface GAGs are velieved to be a factor in FLUTD

Answer 87

True

Question 88

True or False | Cranberry juice, crananidin makes the bladder wall slippery so bacteria doesnt stick

Answer 88

True

Question 89

What claims the potential to reduce azotemia through enteric dialysis

Answer 89

Azodyl

Question 90

What dog breeds are predisposed to developing bladder stones?

Answer 90

Dalmations and miniture schnauzers