dsDNA Poxviridae Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Ortho, Capri and Avipoxviruses DO replicate in eggs. True or False
A
True
2
Q
_____pox and _____ viruses induce type A or ATI bodies.
A
Cowpox and Ectromelia virus
A type inclusion bodies
3
Q
Pathognomonic inclusion bodies of Avipoxvirus infection are ______/______ bodies.
A
Bollinger/Borrel
4
Q
Type A inclusion bodies are ____philic
A
eosino (ATI)
5
Q
_____pox was responsible for the death of Pharaoh.
A
Smallpox
6
Q
Smallpox was eradicated worldwide in ____.
A
1977 (Last reported case in Somalia.)
7
Q
The last reported case of Smallpox in the USA was in ____.
A
1949
8
Q
The family Poxviridae has two subfamilies:
A
Chordopoxvirinae
Entomopoxvirinae
9
Q
Chordopoxvirinae are a subfamily of 8 genera of poxviruses that infect __________.
A
vertebrates: humans, animals, birds
10
Q
Entomopoxvirinae is a subfamily of poxviruses that infect __________.
A
insects
11
Q
8 Genus of poxvirus are:
A
Avi Capri Lepori Mollusci Ortho Para Sui Yata (All Cats Like Mice On Plates So Yummy)
12
Q
Molluscipoxvirus = ______ virus
A
Myxoma
13
Q
Yatapoxvirus = ____ ______ _____ virus
A
Yaba Monkey Tumor
14
Q
Poxviruses are pleomorphic and typically _____-shaped, possessing an irregular surface of projecting tubular or globular structures.
A
brick
15
Q
Parapoxviruses are _____-shaped, covered with long, thread-like surface tubules, and appear to be arranged in crisscross fashion, resembling a ball of yarn.
A
oval
16
Q
Two distinct infectious poxvirus particles exist:
A
EEV (extracellular enveloped virus) and IMV (intracellular mature virus)
17
Q
Extracellular enveloped virus forms of poxvirus contain two membranes:
A
Envelope and Inner Membrane
18
Q
Virions that are released from cells by _______ rather than by cellular disruption acquire the extra envelope that contains virus encoded proteins from the host cell membrane.
A
budding
19
Q
Intracellular viral particules or intracellular mature virions only have an inner membrane. IMV come out by ______ and have only an inner membrane.
A
disruption of the host cell
20
Q
Poxviruses do not conform to ______ or ______ symmetry; instead they have a complex symmetry.
A
icosahedral or helical
21
Q
The outer layer of the poxvirus virion encloses a _________-shaped core and two ______ bodies.
A
dumbbell; lateral
22
Q
The core of a poxvirus contains viral DNA together with several proteins. True or False
A
True
23
Q
Poxviruses have more than ___ genes in their genome, and as many as ___ of these encode proteins that are contained in virions.
A
200; 100
24
Q
The genome of poxviruses consist of a single molecule of linear _______ varying in size from 130kbp (parapoxvirus), to 280kbp (fowlpoxvirus), up to 375 kbp (entomopoxvirus).
A
dsDNA
25
Poxvirus genomes have _______ that join that two DNA strands at both ends.
cross-links
26
Many proteins encoded by the poxvirus genome are ________ involved in nucleic acid synthesis and virion structural components. Poxviruses also encode proteins that specifically counteract host _________ and _________ immune responses.
enzymes; innate and adaptive
27
Replication of poxviruses occurs predominantly if not exclusively in the ___________. This is possible because unlike other DNA viruses, poxviruses have evolved to encode enzymes required for _________ and _________ of the viral genome.
cytoplasm; transcription and replication
28
Following replication, poxvirus virions are released by _________ (enveloped viruses), _________, or _________ (non-enveloped viruses). Most virions are not enveloped and are released by cell lysis.
budding; exocytosis; cell lysis
29
Both enveloped and non-enveloped virions are infectious. True or False _________ virions are taken up by cells more readily and appear to be more important in the spread of virions through the body of the animal.
True; Enveloped
30
All poxviruses share an antigenic group-specific _________ (NP) which is exposed following alkaline digestion of the virus.
nucleoprotein
31
Genetic _________ among the viruses within a genus results in extensive serological cross-reactions and cross-protections (none between different genera).
recombination
32
Two antigenic characteristics of all poxviruses:
1) group-specific nucleoprotein 2) genetic recombination resulting in extensive serological cross reactions and protections
33
A third antigenic characteristic specific only to orthopoxviruses:
3) production of hemagglutinin
34
The virion of a poxvirus is an enveloped particle that differs significantly from other enveloped viruses. Unlike other enveloped viruses, poxviruses show a high ______ ______ and remain infectious over a period of several months in an ambient environment. Poxviruses show an extraordinary high resistance to drying and can survive for many years in ______ ______ or other virus-laden material.
environmental stability; dried scabs
35
Due to their low ______ content, poxviruses are less sensitive to organic solvents and disinfectants compared to other enveloped viruses.
lipid
36
Poxviruses are transmitted via three major routes:
1) skin 2) respiratory 3) mechanical transmission
37
Poxvirus transmission via skin: Poxviruses cannot infect intact skin but contact of infectious material with broken or lacerated skin is a common route of transmission. True or False
True
38
Poxvirus transmission via respiratory route: Some poxviruses can be transmitted by the aerosol route. Inhalation of aerosol can result in infection (______ virus).
sheeppox virus
39
Poxvirus transmission via mechanical route: ______ ______ (Myxoma and Avipoxviruses)
biting arthropod
40
Poxviruses are highly ______, causing pathognomonic cutaneous skin lesions. Occasionally poxviruses cause ______ diseases birds and wildlife. Many poxviruses are ______-______, but ______poxviruses infect a wide range of species.
epitheliotrophic; systemic; host-specific; Ortho
41
Following introduction into the body, the poxvirus usually gains access to the systemic circulation via the ______ ______. A secondary ______ disseminates the virus back to the skin and to other target organs.
lymphatic system; viremia
42
Poxvirus Disease Progression: skin invasion and multiplication => regional lymph node multiplication => primary viremia => spleen and liver multiplication ______ => secondary viremia => focal skin infection and multiplication => primary lesion presents as swelling => early rash presents as ______ => severe rash presents as ______
necrosis; papules; ulceration
43
Skin Lesions of Poxvirus Infection: Degenerative changes occur in the epithelium and rupture of the pustule can predispose to ______ ______ ______. Ulceration may develop. Poxvirus can survive in the dried scabs for many months or years.
secondary bacterial infection
44
______: flat, red, local inflammation, immune response, infiltrating leukocytes
macule
45
______: raised, red, more marked inflammation, invasion of neighbouring tissue
papule
46
______: small blister, microbe invades epithelium
vesicle
47
______ (complication): epithelium ruptures, microbe discharged
ulcer
48
Poxvirus Symphony
Ma Pa Ve Pu Sca Sca (macule, papule, vesicle, papule, scab, scar); sometimes an ulcer occurs after scab before scar forms
49
```
Family Poxviridae
Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae
Genus Orthopoxvirus (2 of major concern, 7 others noted)
```
Cowpox*, Monkeypoxvirus*, Others: Variola/Smallpox - humans), Camelpox virus, Ectromelia virus - mice, voles, Horsepox virus - horses, cattle, humans, Rabbitpox virus, Vaccinia virus - humans, cattle, buffalo, swine, rabbits, Uasin Gishu Disease Virus (horses)
50
______ is endemic only to Europe and Asia. Hosts include cattle, domestic and wild felids, zoo animals and humans. The reservoir is ______.
Cowpox; Rodents
51
Cowpox is transmitted from cow to cow in a herd through infected milker's hands or teat cups. Infected farm ______ and reservoir rodents can transmit the disease.
cats
52
Economic Importance of Cowpox: Losses to farmers due to inconvenience in milking due to sore teats and ______ resulting from secondary bacterial infections.
mastitis
53
Clinical Findings: After an incubation period of ______ days, during which cows may be mildly febrile, ______ appear on the teats and udder, and suckling calves may develop oral lesions. Vesicles may not be evident or may rupture rapidly, leaving raw, ulcerated areas that form ______.
3-7 days; papules; scabs
54
Cowpox is transmitted to cats typically through ______ inoculation (bite, wound). Rodents are a common source of infection not only for transmission to cows but also to cats.
skin
55
Cowpox is also transmissible to cats via ______ route.
oro-nasal
56
In exotic felids such as cheetahs, ______ ______ may be evident with cowpox infection.
viral pneumonia
57
Primary Lesions and Clinical Signs of cowpox in cats: Most affected cats have a history of a single primary skin lesion, usually on the ______/______/______. The lesion can vary from a small, scabbed wound to a large abscess.
head/neck/forelimb
58
Secondary Lesions and Clinical Signs of cowpox in cats: Approximately ______ days after the primary lesion appears, widespread secondary lesions begin to appear. Throughout 2-4 days, these develop into discrete, circular, ulcerated papules 0.5-1 cm in diameter. The ulcers soon become covered by scabs and healing is usually complete by ______ weeks.
7-10 days; 6 weeks;
59
Many cats with cowpox virus show no signs other than skin lesions but 20% may develop mild ______ or ______.
coryza or conjunctivits +/- blepharitis (eye lid inflammation resulting from secondary bacterial infection)
60
Cowpox is zoonotic. True or False
True
61
Cowpox is transmitted to humans mainly via direct contact with ______ and rarely from rodents or zoo animals. The virus is less common in cattle; thus transmission from bovine to human is less common than from feline to human.
cats
62
Clinical signs of cowpox in humans include ______ lesions which are first observed on the hands and face and later develop into vesicular and ulcerative lesions.
macropapular
63
Aside from pathognomonic lesions, humans infected with cowpox may present with enlarged, painful ______ ______, ______, vomiting and sore throat.
lymph nodes; pyrexia
64
______pox is a viral zoonosis with symptoms and clinical signs in humans similar to those seen in past in smallpox patients.
Monkey
65
In ______, Monkeypox is characterized by general skin eruptions developing to papules on the trunk, face, palms and soles.
monkeys
66
Primary infection of humans with monkeypox results from direct contact with ______, bodily fluids or rashes of infected animals. In Africa, human infections have been documented through the handling of infected monkeys, Gambian rats or ______.
blood; squirrels
67
Secondary transmission of monkeypox is ______, resulting from close contact with infected ______ excretions, with the skin lesions of an infected person or with recently contaminated objects.
human-to-human; respiratory tract
68
Monkeypox occurs primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rain forests. In ______, it was accidentally introduced to humans in the USA. The most probable source was rodents from Ghana, causing 77 clinical cases; 26% of patients had to be hospitalized.
2003
69
The invasion period of monkeypox is ______ days, accompanied by pyrexia, intense headache, ______ and muscle pain.
0-5 days; lymphadenopathy
70
The skin eruption period of monkeypox: Evolution of the rash from ______-papules (lesions with flat bases) to vesicles (small, fluid-filled blisters), pustules, followed by crusts.
maculo
71
```
Family Poxviridae
Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae
Genus Parapoxvirus (3 of major concern)
```
1) Pseudocowpox Virus, 2) Contagious Ecthyma or Orf Virus, 3) Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus
72
Both Pseudocowpox Virus and Bovine Papular Stomaitis Virus infect _____ and _____.
cattle and humans
73
Contagious Ecthyma or _____ Virus infects _____, _____ and humans.
Orf Virus; goats, sheep, humans
74
Pseudocowpox is a viral skin disease that causes mild sores on the _____ and _____ of cattle. This virus can also infect humans with a condition often referred to as _____ _____.
teats and udders; milker's nodule
75
Pseudocowpox virus is reported from most countries. True or False
True
76
The source of Pseudocowpox is infected cattle and can be transmitted via milker's hands and contaminated teat cups. Calves become infected when they suckle infected _____. Bull _____ or _____ _____ may also transmit the virus.
teats; semen or biting arthropods
77
Pseudocowpox pathogenesis: Lesions are characterized by _____ of _____ epithelium.
hyperplasia; squamous
78
Clinical signs of Pseudocowpox: Infections are generally mild with up to _____ lesions on one teat. Morbidity rate may reach _____%, but at any given time varies between 5 and 10% and occasionally up to 50%.
10 lesions per teat; 100% morbidity
79
Pseudocoxpox Acute lesion progression: _____ => papules => vesicle or pustule => rupture => thick scab 0.5 to 25cm in diameter that becomes elevated to accumulation of _____ tissue. After _____ days, the scab drops off, leaving a _____-shaped ring of small scabs surrounding a small wart-like _____.
erythema; granulation; 7-10 days; horseshoe-shaped; granuloma
80
Chronic lesions of pseudocowpox commence as erythema, and over time, yellow to gray, soft, scurfy scabs are rubbed off during milking, leading to skin _____; lesions are not painful but may persist for months.
corrugation
81
The pathognomonic lesion for Pseudocowpox is a _____-shaped ring like lesion.
horseshoe
82
_____ and _____ of Pseudopoxvirus by various diagnostic laboratory methods are required. Vesicular fluid or teat skin are often used in sample collection for DX.
isolation and detection
83
Differential Diagnoses for Pseudocowpox:
Cowpox virus, Bovine herpesvirus ulcerative mammilitis, Vesicular stomatitis, Udder impetigo (bacterial dermatitis characterized by the development of small pustules on the skin of the udder and teats), Teat chaps and frostbite, Black spot (a form of hyperkeratosis)
84
Treatment of Pseudocowpox: _____ and _____ _____ to prevent environmental contamination, apply an _____ ointment before and _____ preparation after milking
remove and burn scabs; emollient; astringent
85
Prevention of Pseudocowpox: disinfection by _____ teat dip, isolation and treatment of infected cows, reduce teat trauma as injuries to skin of the teats _____ to infection
iodophor (any of a group of disinfectants containing iodine in combination with a surfactant); predispose
86
Pseudocowpox in humans is often called _____ _____: pathognomonic lesions of the hands of dairy farmers are contracted from infected cows when milking teats (or veterinarians treating infected cows); lesions may vary from many multiple vesicles to a single, indurated nodule
milker's nodule
87
_____ _____ or Orf Virus is also named Scabby Mouth, Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Sore Mouth
Contagious Ecthyma
88
Orf virus is distributed worldwide with higher pathogenicity in lambs and kids than adult sheep and goats. True or False
True
89
Orf Virus morbidity may reach 100% and case fatality rate _____%.
5-15%
90
Scabs that fall off from the healing lesions contain contagious ecthyma virus; the virus is stable in the environment and remains highly infectious fro long periods under dry conditions. Spread in a flock is very _____. _____ _____ such as docking instruments or ear tagging pliers can transmit the virus.
rapid; contaminated instruments
91
Orf infects health animals primarily through _____ _____ (essential to establish infection). Oral lesions in lambs and kids result from nursing dams with teat lesions, and vice versa.
damaged skin
92
A Contagious Ecthyma skin reaction consists of a _____ response with necrosis and sloughing of the affected epidermis and underlying stratum _____ of the dermis.
cellular; papillare
93
The cutaneous response to Contagious Ecthyma includes a delayed type _____ reaction and an influx of _____ cells.
hypersensitivity reaction; inflammatory cells
94
Immunity against Contagious Ecthyma is solid lasting ___ months.
8 months
95
The first Contagious Ecthyma lesions develop in the ______ ______, accompanied by swelling of the lips where spreading occurs to the muzzle, nostrils, buccal mucosa and surrounding hairy skin.
mucocutaenous junction
96
Raised, crusted, proliferative lesions in and around the oral cavity of animals infected with Contagious Ecthyma typically present with _____ and subsequent _____ _____. In severe cases detachment/sloughing of the epithelium takes place.
anorexia and subsequent weight loss (mouth is too painful to eat)
97
Contagious Ecthyma can be transmitted from the oral cavity of suckling kids/lambs to the teats of mother goats/sheep. This may predispose the mother to secondary bacterial infections associated with mastitis. True or False
True
98
Severe cases of Contagious Ecthyma present with lesions at the _____, _____ and _____.
ears, feet, genitals
99
Pedal lesions associated with Contagious Ecthyma can result in lameness. True or False
True
100
Scrotal lesions associated with Contagious Ecthyma can result in male infertility. True or False
True
101
The scabs of Contagious Ecthyma drop off in ___ weeks and the underlying tissues heal without scarring.
1-4 weeks
102
Orf (Contagious Ecthyma) can predipose animals to secondary _____ and _____ infections.
bacterial and parasitic *fly larvae
103
A _____ form of Orf has been reported in ovines.
malignant***
104
The Orf vaccine is prepared from suspension of scabs in _____ saline. It is painted onto a small area of scarified skin inside the thigh where a localized lesion develops.
glycerol
105
In no circumstances should the Orf vaccine be used on farms that do not have a problem/history with the viral disease. True or False
True
106
All farms should vaccinate their goats and sheep for Orf virus. True or False
False
107
Lambs should be inspected ___ week(s) post vaccination for local reactions as an indication of vaccine viability.
1 week
108
The Orf vaccine does not offer long lasting immunity (___ years).
1-2 years
109
At farms with problem flocks and herds, kids and lambs may need to receive a prophylactic Orf vaccine at ___ weeks.
6-8 weeks
110
At farms with severe problem flocks and herds, kids and lambs may need to receive a prophylactic Orf vaccine at ___ days old.
2-3 days old
111
Pregnant ewes should receive the Orf vaccine ___ weeks before lambing.
7-8 weeks ONLY AND NOT BEFORE
112
_____ and large nodular Orf lesions occur in the human finger, hand, arm, face and penis.
Macropapular
113
Human Orf lesions occur for 4-9 weeks, resolve without scarring, and commonly predispose to complications subsequent to secondary bacterial infections. True or False
True
114
Capripoxvirus is the causative agent of 3 diseases:
Sheep pox, Goat pox, Lump Skin Disease of Cattle
115
Capripoxviruses are endemic to _____, _____ and parts of Europe.
Africa, Asia
116
SPV stands for
sheeppox virus
117
GPV stands for
goatpox virus
118
Most strains of sheeppox and goatpox are _____ _____, causing severe clinical disease; while some strains have equal virulence in both sheep and goat.
host specific
119
SPV and GPV cannot be distinguished from each other with serological techniques including viral neutralization. True or False
True
120
SPV and GPV are closely related to _____ _____ _____ virus in cattle, but there is no evidence that it causes disease in sheep and goats.
lumpy skin disease virus
