DSE Unit 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Presence of physical symptoms in the absence of physical “signs”

Pain is the predominant symptom

Health Concerns play a central role in this patient’s life, to a degree that is not explainable by their physical condition

A

Somatic Symptom Disorder

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2
Q

Somatic

A

Relating to the body as distinct from the mind

Somatic Symptoms should have basis in the physical body, not the mind

In somatic symptom disorder, the basis is not found in the body and is therefore assumed to be in the mind.

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3
Q

DSM V criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

1+ symptom that significantly disrupts daily life

Symptoms may change but the state of “being symptomatic” lasts for at least 6 months

At least 1 of the following:
Disproportionate worry about severity not
supported by the actual severity

 Persistant High Level of Health Anxiety

 Excessive Time & Energy devoted to Sxs

 Specify if PAIN is main complaint
 Specify if PERSISTANCE best describes

 Mild= 1 symptom
 Moderate = 2 Symptoms
 Severe = 3+ Symptoms
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4
Q

Coexists mainly with Depression, Anxiety

and the non-aggressive Personality Disorders

A

Somatic Symptiom Disorder

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5
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A

Schitzophrenia-Delusional, Paranoid, Hallucinate

Schizoid - Asperger-ish Flat Affect, Detatched

Schitxotypal- Really Really Odd

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6
Q

Overvalued Ideas

A

Schitzotypal Personality Disorder of Cluster A

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7
Q

Flat Affect, Detached, Not interested in YOU

A

Schizoid Asperger’s - ish

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8
Q

Hears voices, talks back to them
Unduly suspicious
Fixed False Beliefs (aliens are coming…)

A

Schitzophrenia

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9
Q

Cluster B Personality Disorders

A

Antisocial
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Borderline

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10
Q

The criminal who violates rights of others

Without Empathy

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Must begin before Age 15 (as conduct disorder)

Watch out, these folks can be Magnetic, Compelling and charming if reeling in a victim

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11
Q

The Drama Queen; Everyone is her BFF

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

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12
Q

This girl makes the wrong choice every time

She is impulsive, unstable and very fearful of abandonment (guess why)

People love her or “see through her” and find her manipulative

She is often misdiagnosed as bipolar

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

THERAPY (evidence based) can really help these girls (2:1 female) learn coping skills enough to turn their lives around ENOUGH.

Totally worth a try

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13
Q

Cluster B Personality Disorders

A
THE DISINHIBITED...
Antisocial
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Borderline
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14
Q

Lamotragine (anti seizure that Rxs anger in mood disorders) & Antipsychotics are ok to treat this cluster but NOT BENZOS - too disinhibiting for a group that is already disinhibited

A

Cluster B:

Borderline
Narcisistic
Antisocial
Histrionic

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15
Q

Lamotragine (anti seizure that Rxs anger in mood disorders) & Antipsychotics are ok to treat this cluster but NOT BENZOS - too disinhibiting for a group that is already disinhibited

A

Cluster B:

Borderline
Narcisistic
Antisocial
Histrionic

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16
Q

Grandiose, Entitled, this Pt is most obnoxious and self involved but really she craves attention because she has very low self esteem.

A

Narcisistic Personality Disorder
(Juliana & Draco Malfoy)

DON’T LAUGH AT THESE PTS - self esteem is too low to sustain that without resorting to extreme responses

Reality Checks may not be the best idea either - Their deflection of responsibility is borne of shame, not hubris.

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17
Q

Rx for Cluster Bs

A

Lamotragine, Abilify (antipsychotics) and Therapy but

NO BENZOS for Bs!!! Too disinhibiting !

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18
Q

Cluster “C” Personality Disorders

A

The ANXIOUS Cluster

Avoidant
Obsessive-Compulsive PD (NOT OCD)
Dependent

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19
Q

Perfectionistic to the point it interferes with task completion

Hoarders, Micromanagers & Work-a-holics

A

Obsessive Compulsive PD

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20
Q

Rx for Cluster Bs

A

Lamotragine, Abilify (antipsychotics) and Therapy

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21
Q

Can’t manage eating out alone, public restrooms or parties, feels INADEQUATE

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

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22
Q

Perfectionistic to the point it interferes with task completion

Hoarders, Micromanagers & Work-a-holics

A

Obsessive Compulsive PD

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23
Q

You Can’t Shake This Friend Off

Submissive with very low self esteem

“Debbie”

A

Dependent PD

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24
Q

Rx for Anxiety & Depression

A

Benzos until SSRIs kick in

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25
Q

Can’t manage eating out alone, public restrooms or parties, feels INADEQUATE

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Use Benzos with these folks and SSRIs

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26
Q

An enduring pattern of inner experience & behavior that leads to distress & impairment OVER & OVER AGAIN

A

PERSONALITY DISORDER

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27
Q

REPETITION COMPULSION

A

divorce one abuser and marry another, compelled to keep making the same mistake. This is a “Disordered” person with a Personality Disorder. Figure out which one and refer to psychologist for testing and have him refer to an appropriate therapist.

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28
Q

Rx for Anxiety & Depression

A

Benzos until SSRIs kick in

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29
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder
vs
Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Somatic HAS physical symptoms + worry

Illness Anxiety HAS worry but no physical Sxs

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30
Q

Pt presents with unusual concern about howel movements or other vague complaint “tired heart”

No particular symptom but a great deal of concern about it

A

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Usually presents 20-50 yrs
Hypochondriacs

Often Obsessive-Compulsive Pers Disorder and/or Schitzophrenia

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31
Q

Rx for Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

SSRI + CBT Therapy

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32
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder
Vs
Conversion Disorder

A

Somatic has physical Sxs but no SIGNS

Conversion has physical SIGNS that CAN BE LETHAL The mind disables the body. Prognosis is very poor. First Line Rx is education about the nature of the diagnosis, then CBT Therapy and attempt to relieve the sxs.

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33
Q
Chronic Stress/ HTN
Anxiety/ Asthma
Depression/ CAD
Smoking/ COPD
Obesity / Diabetes
A

Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions

A DSM V Diagnosis

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34
Q
Chronic Stress/ HTN
Anxiety/ Asthma
Depression/ CAD
Smoking/ COPD
Obesity / Diabetes
A

Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions

A DSM V Diagnosis

Mild-Won’t take HTN meds
Mod-Smokes even though SOB
Severe- Results in ER or Hospitalizatin
Extreme (too depressed to go to ER for MI)

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35
Q

This Pt “fakes” a physical disorder, Tampers with equipment to support the lie, Implies head trauma when they have a genetically constricted pupil etc…

A

FACETIOUS DISORDER

Specify if first incident (that YOU know of)
or if this is a recurring behavior.

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36
Q

Munchausen

A

Facetious Disorder IMPOSED ON SELF

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37
Q

Munchausen by Proxy

A

Facetious Disorder IMPOSED ON ANOTHER

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38
Q

Substance ABUSE
vs
Substance DEPENDENCE

A

ABUSE: Tolerance, Withdrawal, Continued Use Even w/the understanding of cost

DEPENDENCE: loss of control over use

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39
Q

Well Being BAC

A

Up to 0.05%

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40
Q

Getting Risky BAC

Reduced Inhibition

A

0.05 - 0.08%

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41
Q

Nausea/Vomit

Dangerous BAC

A

.008 - 0.15%

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42
Q

BAC

Stupor, Incontinence, Unable to walk unaided

A

0.15-0.4%

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43
Q

Death BAC

A

0.4% +

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44
Q

Well Being BAC

A

Up to 0.05%

3.75 Hrs to 0%

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45
Q

Nausea/Vomit

Dangerous BAC

A

.008 - 0.15%

Legal Limit is 0.08% 5 hrs to 0%

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46
Q

Coma, Shock, Death BAC

A

0.4% +

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47
Q

MUST acronym for

A

Alcohol Poisoning:

M (Mental Confusion)
U (Unresponsive)
S (Snoring/Gasping for Air)
T (Throwing Up)

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48
Q

HELP Acronym for

A

Alcohol Poisoning

H (Hypothermia)
E (Erratic Breathing)
L (Loss of Consciousness)
P (Pale/Bluish Skin)

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49
Q

ETOH Poisoning Rx:

A

Thiamine IV/ Banana Bag
Pump Stomach
Respirator?

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50
Q

Methanol Poisoning Rx

A

Ethanol or Fomepizole

Fomepizole also for Ethylene Glycol Poisoning

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51
Q

NorEpi Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Bath Salts & Meth

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52
Q
Extreme Insomnia
Jittery
Self Mutilation
Mutilation of others
Psychotic behavior

Hyperthermia

A

Bath Salts & Meth

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53
Q

CNS Depressants

A

Alcohol (s)
Aerosol Huffing
Benzos - hard to overdose on these just risk of addiction

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54
Q

Memory Loss, Unconsciousness, Urine/Fecal Incontinence/Liver Damage & Sudden Death by suffocation or MI

A

Aerosol Huffing Risks

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55
Q

Cocaine, Amphetamine, Caffeine, Nicotine

A

CNS Stimulants

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56
Q

Dilated pupils,
Elevated BP, Pulse & Temp
Nose Bleeds/Runny Nose
Seizures

A

Stimulants

Specifically Cocaine, Crack & Bath Salts

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57
Q

Euphoria
Rapid Speech
Increased Energy & Mental Alertness
Bleeds into Paranoia & Psychosis

A

Methamphetamine
& to a lesser degree
the other Amphetamines

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58
Q

NorEpi Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Bath Salts & Meth

59
Q
Extreme Insomnia
Jittery
Self Mutilation
Mutilation of others
Psychotic behavior

Hyperthermia

A

Bath Salts & Meth

60
Q
Euphoria
Depressed Respirations
Constipation
Drowsiness
Tachycardia
Pin Prick Pupils (Myosis)
Sleepy to unresponsive
Apnea/Coma
A

Opiate High

61
Q
Dyseuphoria
Tachypnea
HTN
Super Focus (on getting more)
Joint Aches
Mydriasis
Diaphoresis
Insomnia
Yawning (hyperrespiration)
A

Opiate Withdrawal

62
Q

5 Ps

A

Drug/Alcohol Screen for pregnant women & women of childbearing age

63
Q

Dopamine Releasor

A

Opiate

64
Q

Heightened Senses
Loss of Identity
Illusions/Hallucinations
Altered Time/Distance Perception

A

Hallucinogens

Mushrooms
PCP
LSD

65
Q

Illicit Drug relieves Asthma Sxs by relaxing bronchioles

Relieves Nausea, Migraines, Epileptic Seizure and Eye Pressure in Glaucoma, Joint Pain & Arthritis in ALS & MS

A

Marijuana

66
Q

AUDIT screen for

A

Alcohol Abuse

67
Q

CRAFFT

A

Alcohol & Drugs in Adolescents 6 questions

C Car
R Relax
A Alone
F Forget
F Family
T Trouble
68
Q

TWEAK

A

Drinking During Pregnancy screen

69
Q

DAST

A

10 quest Drug Abuse Screen

70
Q

5 Ps

A

Drug/Alcohol Screen for pregnant women & women of childbearing age

71
Q

Antidypsotropic

A

Rx that supports sobriety by effecting intolerable sxs when used with alcohol or drugs or by reversing affect of drug

Antabuse
Naltrexone
Campral for cravings & withdrawal
Methadone
Suboxone
72
Q

Nicotine assistance

A

Chantix
Wellbutrin
nicotrol

73
Q

Oxycodone

A

Immediate Relief

74
Q

Oxycontin

A

Sustained Relief

Street Value for 80mg Tablet is $1,000

75
Q

Percocet

A

Oxycodone w/Tylenol

76
Q

Seizure Protocol for ETOH Withdrawal

A

10 - 150mg Atavan IV to control agitation and prevent seizure

77
Q

Seizures peak at ___ in ETOH withdrawal

A

24 hrs

But can begin 2 hrs after the last drink

78
Q

SBRT Screen

Best Practice Primary Care Drug/ETOH Screen

A

Screen
Brief Intervention
Referral to
Treatment

79
Q

SBRT Screen

Best Practice Primary Care Drug/ETOH Screen

A

Screen
Brief
Intervention
Referral to Treatment

80
Q

Dilated Pupils & Tachy? Chest Pain?

Quick get ___

A

EKG

Cocaine & Amphetamines cause MIs

81
Q

Disulfiram

A

Antabuse

82
Q

Dilated Pupils & Tachy? Chest Pain?

Quick get ___

A

EKG

Cocaine & Amphetamines cause MIs

83
Q

Unfortunate side effect of Chantix

A

Depression

84
Q

Non-Suicidal Self Directed Violence

A

Cutters/Burners

Need “to feel”

85
Q

Egoistic Suicidal Ideation

A

I don’t belong…

86
Q

Altruisitic Suicide

A

Die for a Cause

87
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

No point in going on

No point to anything

88
Q

Fatalistic

A

No hope of change

No Point in going on

89
Q

Altitude is a risk for

A

Suicide

Over 2,000 ft above sea-level 70% increase in suicide risk?????

90
Q

Clozapine Black Box Warnings

A

Agranulocytosis, CNS Depression, Seizure, Bone Marrow Suppression, Myocarditis, Hypotension & Dementia

Follow w/CBC when prescribing Clozapine

91
Q

Too much dopamine in the mesolimbic and too little dopamine in the mesocortical

A

Schitzophrenia

92
Q

LSD and other hallucinogens activate Serotonin receptors in normal brains and cause hallucinations. What do we use in Schitzophrenia to quell hallucinations?

A

Serotonin Receptor Antagonists like

Clozapine (a NEW atypical antipsychotic)

Does NOT induce tardive dyskinesia like Risperidone. DOES cause: Weight gain, Constipation, drooling, bed wetting and bears black box warnings for : AGRANULOCYTOSIS, CNS DEPRESSION, SEIZURES…

SO.. Check CBCs regularly when on Clozapine. For these reasons, its a third line drug for Schitzophrenia even though it works better than older atypical antipsychotics.

93
Q

D2 Receptor Antagonists

A

Antipsychotics, pines & dones Block D2

1st Gen: Haloperidol, Fluphenidol, Thiothixine
2nd Gen: Pines, Dones & Rip

94
Q

Clozapine Black Box Warnings

A

Agranulocytosis, CNS Depression, Seizure, Bone Marrow Suppression, Myocarditis, Hypotension & Dementia

Follow w/CBC when prescribing Clozapine

95
Q

DDx for Schitzophrenia

A

Psychotic Disorder Caused by Med. Cond
ex: Folate/B12 Deficiency
Manic Phase of Bipolar Disorder
Stimulant/Amphetamine Overdose

96
Q

Schitzophrenic Symptoms less than 1 month

A

Brief Psychotic Disorder

97
Q

Schitzo Symptoms 1 - 6 months

A

Schitzoaffective Disorder

98
Q

Psychotic Symptoms with Mood irregularities and Schitzo Symptoms over 6 months

A

Schitzoprhrenia

99
Q

Schitzo Symptoms 1 - 6 months

A

Schitzophreniform Disorder

100
Q

Has Depressive or other mental comorbidity but has at least 2 weeks of pure schizophrenic symptoms

A

Schitzoaffective Disorder

101
Q

Synapse Depletors are VMAT blockers - they reduce the monoamines secreted into synapse by blocking transport. Drugs used in Schitzophrenia:

A

Reserpine treats the depression, psychosis & HTN at the same time

“Serpine” venom treats HTN permanently…

Tetrabenazine - a Huntington’s drug for dyskinesia

102
Q

D2 Receptor Antagonists

A

Antipsychotics, pines & dones Block D2

1st Gen:
2nd Gen

103
Q

Use these to counteract the dyskinesia caused by blocking D2 in the Nigrostriatal Pathway when treating Schitzophrenia with 1st Gen Antipsycotics

A

Anticholinergics like:

Benztropine & Diphenhydramine

Side effects are Dry Mouth, Blurred Vision, Constipation

Remember, Cholinergics make you Sludgy, Anticholinergics make you dry as a bone, mad as a hatter…

104
Q

Schitzophrenia is a time dependent diagnosis. Under 1 month of sxs is “Brief Psychotic Disorder” while 1-6 months is _______ and over 6 months is full on Schitzophrenia

A

Schitzophreniform Disorder

105
Q

Schitzoaffective vs Schitzophreniform

A
  • Affective = w/other dx but at least 2 weeks of pure full on schitzo symptoms
  • Phreniform = Pure schitzo but for less than 6 months
106
Q

All effective Antipsychotics block this, here

A

Block D2 Receptors in the mesolimbic but usually they also block in the mesocortical, bringing on parkinsonian dyskinesias

Clonzapine targets Serotonin receptors and does a great job controlling schitzo behaviors but has serious bone marrow & CNS consequences.

107
Q

Blocking D2 in the MesoLimbic Pathway

A

Causes deceased firing and decreased Psychosis - YAY - this is the one we want, unfortunately First Generation Antipsychotics aren’t really selective. Choos 2nd Gen, Atypical Antipsychotics and if they don’t work try Abilfy or Clonzapine

108
Q

All effective Antipsychotics block this, here

A

Block D2 Receptors in the mesolimbic but usually they also block all or several of the pathways bringing on parkinsonian dyskinesias, prolactinemia, and cognitive deficits.

Clonzapine targets Serotonin receptors and does a great job controlling schitzo behaviors but has serious bone marrow & CNS consequences.

109
Q

Decrease Dopamine, decrease psychosis but you risk Increasing

A

Depression and dyskinesia

110
Q

Too much Nor-Epi is also an issue in Schitzo

A

Block the monoamine transporter and you decrease both NorEpi and Dopamine

You decrease depression, decrease psychosis and decrease HTN all in one go

Reserpine

111
Q

Synapse Depletors are VMAT blockers - they reduce the monoamines secreted into synapse by blocking transport. Drugs used in Schitzophrenia:

A

Reserpine treats the depression, psychosis & HTN at the same time

Tetrabenazine - a Huntington’s drug for dyskinesia

112
Q

D2 Receptor Antagonists

A

Antipsychotics, pines & dones Block D2

1st Gen:
2nd Gen

113
Q

Tuberoinfundibular Pathway

A

Blocks Prolactin secretion.

Block the D2 receptor here and prolactin gets released leading to gynecomastia and low testosterone/ED/low sperm count symptoms

114
Q

Blocking D2 in the NigroStriatal Pathway

A

Causes tardive dyskinesias

115
Q

Blocking D2 in the Mesocortical Pathway

A

Causes Cognitive Deficits

116
Q

Blocking D2 in the MesoLimbic Pathway

A

Causes deceased firing and decreased Psychosis - YAY - this is the one we want, unfortunately First and Second Generation Antipsychotics aren’t really selective

117
Q

All effective Antipsychotics block this, here

A

Block D2 Receptors in the mesolimbic but usually they also block all or several of the pathways bringing on parkinsonian dyskinesias, prolactinemia, and cognitive deficits.

Clonzapine targets Serotonin receptors and does a great job controlling schitzo behaviors but has serious bone marrow & CNS consequences.

118
Q

Rare, but life-threatening, Rxn to NEUROLEPTIC MEDICATIONS LIKE ANTIPSYCHOTICS that is characterized by
fever
muscular rigidity
altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction.

Usually occurs w/in 10 days of initiation of the neuroleptic, or after dose increases.

A

NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
Too Much D2 Receptor Blocking

STOP the antipsychotic
Cool him to normal temp
Relax the muscles

Usually resolves w/in 2 weeks with supportive care, if dose was long term depot, will take a month

Can use Dantrolene to Rx muscle spasms and hyperthermia - its a D2 Agonist

119
Q

D2 Agonist used to treat hyperthermia and muscle rigidity

A

Dantrolene

120
Q

Rare, but life-threatening, Rxn to NEUROLEPTIC MEDICATIONS LIKE ANTIPSYCHOTICS that is characterized by
fever
muscular rigidity
altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction.

Usually occurs w/in 10 days of initiation of the neuroleptic, or after dose increases.

A

NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
Too Much D2 Receptor Blocking

STOP the antipsychotic
Cool him to normal temp
Relax the muscles

Usually resolves w/in 2 weeks with supportive care, if dose was long term depot, will take a month

Can use Dantrolene, to Rx muscle spasms - its a Ca+ blocker in the sarcoplasmic reticulum & prevents muscle contraction

121
Q

Muscle Relaxant used to treat muscle rigidity

A

Dantrolene

122
Q

D2/D3/D4 Agonist used to Rx hyperthermia and also Restless Leg, Parkinsons and Bipolar Disorder

A

Pramiprexole But…

Causes: Compulsive Gambling, eating & hypersexuality

It prefers D3 but does agonize D2 & D4

123
Q

Use these to counteract the dyskinesia caused by blocking D2 in the Nigrostriatal Pathway when treating Schitzophrenia with 1st & 2nd Gen Antipsycotics

A

Anticholinergics like:

Benztropine & Diphenhydramine

Side effects are Dry Mouth, Blurred Vision, Constipation

Remember, Cholinergics make you Sludgy, Anticholinergics make you dry as a bone, mad as a hatter…

124
Q

Choreic Movements in dyskinesia

A

Fast, Jerky

Blocking D2 too much causes this but so does too much Dopamine as with too much levodopa in parkinsons treatment

125
Q

Athetotic Movements

A

Slow & Writhing

126
Q

1st Gen High Potency Antipsychotics

(FGA-High Potency)

1st Gens are aka TYPICAL Antipsychotics

A

Haloperidol
Fluphenazine
Thiothixine

Dyskinesia, Dry Mouth, Hypotension & Sedation via H1 blockade

127
Q

1st Gen Low Potency Antipsychotics

FGA-Low Potency

A

Chlorpromazine

Thioridazine

128
Q

FGA High Pot Side effects

A

Dyskinesia, Dry Mouth, Hypotension & Sedation via H1 blockade

129
Q

2nd Gen Antipsychotics aka

A

A-Typical Antipsychotics

130
Q

Atypical Antipsychotic Drug MOA

A

Selectively Blocks Mesolimbic D2 receptors controling psychosis but leaving the others alone, reducing dyskinesia, cognitive impairment and Prolactin effects of 1st Gens

Also block Serotonin Receptors to further decrease hallucination (recall LSD antagonizes serotonin receptors and causes hallucinations)

131
Q

2nd Gen Atypical Drugs for Schitzophrenia

A

Dones Pines Rips

Risperadone Olanzapine Ariprazole
Quetiapine
Clozapine

132
Q

2nd Gen Atypical Drugs for Schitzophrenia

A

Dones Pines Rips

Risperadone Olanzapine Ariprazole
Quetiapine D2/D3
Clozapine Agonist

133
Q

Dones make you

A

Twitchy

134
Q

Pines make you

A

Fat

135
Q

2nd Gen Atypical Drugs for Schitzophrenia

A

Dones Pines Rips

Risperadone Olanzapine Ariprazole
Quetiapine D2/D3
Clozapine Agonist
“Abilify”

136
Q

Dones make you

A

Twitchy

Ziprasidone and Iloperidone have long QT

137
Q

Pines make you

A

Fat & Lazy (due to sedation from H1 blockade)

138
Q

aRIPrazole (Abilify) makes you

A

Fat, Stuffy Nose, Constipated & Twitchy

139
Q

long term Brain Changes in Schitzophrenia

A

Grey matter/Cortical tissue atrophies

Ventricles enlarge and fill with CSF

140
Q

IS PATH WARM??

A

Suicide Acronym

I Ideation
S Substance Abuse
P Purposeless-ness
A Anxiety
T Trapped
H Hopeless
W Withdrawal
A Anger
R Reckless
M Mood Change
141
Q

Rapid Onset Drug Rxn: Increases in Heart Rate, Bp and Temp with Altered Mental Status, Rhabdo, Acidosis, Seizures
Twitching, Hyper-reflexia, Renal Failure, Death

A

Serotonin Syndrome

May occur within minutes of elevation of serotonin levels

142
Q

Lead Pipe Rigidity, Hyporeflexia, Normal Bowel Sounds

vs

Clonus, Mydriasis and Hyperreflexia and Hyperactive Bowel Sounds

A

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome has rigidity whereas Serotonin Syndrome has the clonus and hyper-reflexia.

Both have increased HR, BP and Temp as well as altered mental status and Drooling

143
Q

Overdose causes cardiac arrythmias within the hour that very well may be fatal

A

TCAs

The brugada type QRS