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Psychology > DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 9 > Flashcards

DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Theories of Perception - What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

Emphasises the importance of identifying whole objects within a scene as an essential part of perception

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2
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is it?

A

Focus on impact of unconscious mind on meanings, motivations, behaviours and conscious experience

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3
Q

Humanistic Approach - What is it?

A

Focuses primarily on a person’s conscious feelings and thoughts

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4
Q

Psychoanalysis - Who is associated with it?

A

Freud

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5
Q

Psychoanalysis - Dream interpretations are still a central part to what?

A

Psychoanalytic theory and therapy

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6
Q

Psychoanalysis - What was a good example outlining the importance of the unconscious?

A

Anna O suffered from drinking water

Hypnosis - discussed Governess and dog drinking out of a glass

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7
Q

Psychoanalysis - What are Freud’s stages of development and at what age do they occur?

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic

0-5 years

Childhood experience/consequences for adult personality/neurosis and sexual style

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8
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the Oral Stage?

A

First - development focuses on mouth and pleasure from sucking and/or biting

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9
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the Anal Stage?

A

Second - focus on anal area, primary source of pleasure is the retention and elimination of faeces

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10
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the Phallic Stage?

A

Third - focus is on genitals and pleasure from stimulating genital area

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11
Q

Psychosexual Theory - What is Oedipal conflict?

A

Arises during phallic phase

Boy unconsciously regards father as rival for mother’s affections

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12
Q

Psychosexual Theory - What is penis envy?

A

Controversial notion that crucial issue in female psychosexual development

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13
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What are the inner conflicts and related unconscious anxiety?

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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14
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Id?

A

Aspect of psyche focused on pleasure/satisfaction of biological needs

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15
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Ego?

A

Referee between Id and Superego Limits internal conflict anxiety

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16
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Superego?

A

Conscience

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is a Freudian slip?

A

An accidental action or utterance which expresses unconscious motivation

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18
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is Brewin & Andrew’s theory regarding repressive copers?

A

Repressive copers are more likely to have had a troubled relationship in childhood

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19
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is a repressive coper?

A

Person who is particularly good at forgetting negative information

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20
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is a defence mechanism?

A

Largely unconscious process for avoiding inner conflict and anxiety

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21
Q

Psychoanalysis - What was Melanie Klein’s focus?

A

How children handle rage and aggression

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22
Q

Psychoanalysis - What was Erikson’s focus?

A

Child development and identity crisis

Adolescent identity crisis

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23
Q

Psychoanalysis - What did Freud argue about the importance of dreams?

A

They are unconscious wish/fulfillment, latent desires - disguised in the manifest content of the dream

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24
Q

Psychodynamics - What is it?

A

Inner conflict, especially between different aspects of the psyche

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25
Psychoanalysis - What is the aim of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Release repressed, unconscious material by bringing into consciousness (Freud used analysis of dreams and interpretation of resistances and transference)
26
Psychoanalysis - What does Freud define as symbols when carrying out dream analysis?
Images that commonly represent significant objects, events or emotions eg elongated (snakes, trains) resemble the penis
27
Psychoanalysis - What has Spinelli pointed out about methods of psychotherapy?
No empirical evidence that one method is superior to another - the listening therapist is most important
28
Humanistic Approach - Why did it arise in the 1950s ?
Reaction to psychoanalysis
29
Humanistic Approach - Who is the main theorist?
Rogers
30
Humanistic Approach - What is it's focus?
Conscious awareness of ourselves and the world about us (experimental and phenomenological approaches)
31
Humanistic Approach - Which two approaches are?
``` Experimental approach (how people experience their world) Phenomenological approach (the phenomena of things as they appear to us) ```
32
Psychoanalysis - What was the major difference between Freud and Alfred Adler?
Freud - instinct, specifically sexuality | Adler - striving to overcome feelings of inferiority
33
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach -What are the key differences and similarities?
Emphasis placed on unconscious (psychoanalytic) versus conscious (humanistic) experience Both focus on subjectivity and personal change
34
General Psychology - What is subjectivity?
The inner world of subjective experience thoughts and feelings
35
Humanistic Approach - What is peak experience (Maslow)?
Specific state of consciousness characterised by a sense of wholeness, meaningfulness and abundant energy
36
Humanistic Approach - What does Maslow's research indicate with regard to peak experience?
Sparked off in various situations eg music, looking at landscapes, making love, transquility
37
Humanistic Approach - What are the three key concepts in Roger's theory of the person?
Subjective experience Self actualisation The self
38
Humanistic Approach - What were Maslow's interests?
Healthy personality | Study of those he considered to be self-actualisers
39
Humanistic Approach - Give an example of positive psychology
Maslow's challenge of finding ways in which psychology can enhance well-being
40
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach -Name two criticisms
Unscientific nature Methods determined by their interest in subjectivity
41
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What have psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches done for psychology?
Both have therapeutic applications Theory and therapy go hand-in-hand for both
42
Psychoanalysis - What is the main aim of psychoanalytic therapy?
Bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness
43
Psychoanalysis - What is Freud's therapeutic technique of psychoanalytic therapy?
Essentially aims to bring unconscious into conscious awareness (transference)
44
Psychoanalysis - What is transference?
Unconscious desires and feelings (towards parents in particular)
45
Humanistic Approach - What is person-centred counselling?
Help client to restore awareness of their feelings
46
Humanistic Approach - Who developed person-centred counselling?
Rogers
47
Humanistic Approach - What do Rogerian therapists attempt to do in person-centred counselling?
Provide a non-judgmental environment and unconditional regard
48
What is humanistic psychotherapy?
A holistic approach and a personal development involving several aspects of being
49
What types of therapy are included in humanistic psychotherapy?
Encounter groups Gestalt therapy Psychosynthesis
50
What is the most recent area of humanistic tradition?
Positive psychology
51
What is the main aim of a humanistic perspective?
Focus on enabling us to play a part in becoming the person we want to be
52
Give an example of a phenomenological qualitative method
Becker & Yodder Analysis of individual accounts of specific kinds of experience eg anger
53
What are the main differences in psychoanalytic and humanistic approach?
Psychoanalytic is unconscious and past, humanistic is conscious and present
54
In psychoanalysis what is psychic determinism?
The notion our actions/experiences are determined by unconscious residues of early experience
55
What did the humanistic psychologist Frankl emphasise?
The will to meaning ie need to find meaning and purpose in life
56
What four ways did Frankl suggest personal meaning may be sought?
Actions, experience, love and fortitude * spent several years in Auschwitz
57
What is meant by personal constructs?
How Kelly referred to bi-polar discriminations to make sense of the world * similar to Maslow
58
What is Kelly's repertory grid?
Elements on the grid father, mother, friend and how they relate to them
59
Who originated the term 'self-actualisation'?
Goldstein (1939)
60
What interesting point did Maslow make about self-actualisers?
Opposing characteristics were usually merged
61
Whose research was similar to Frankl with regards to the ways in which we seek meaning in life?
Wong & Fry
62
Maslow discusses peak experience and emphasises it's importance. What is Csikzentmihalyis analogous notion of this?
Flow
63
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What are the differences?
Psychoanalysis focuses largely on analysis and assistance of the therapist Humanistic approach focuses on the client not the therapist (clients are primary agents in their own development and change)
64
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What are the similarities?
Both offer a means of exploring subjectivity and personal change and stimulate our thinking abut what it is to be a person and how we live our lives
65
What are Freudian key ideas? - 3 points
Importance of unconscious Origins of unconscious drives and childhood experiences Psychodynamic conflict resulting in angst
66
What do neo-Freudians focus on?
Emphasis on personality development throughout life - not just in childhood
67
What ways did Freud suggest defence mechanism works?
Repression Regression Displacement Sublimination
68
What are the last two stages of Freud psychosexual stages?
Latent (up to 11 years) Genital (rest of life)
69
What are the comparisons between psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches?
Psychoanalytic is deterministic Humanistic is autonomous Both have been marginalised in academic psychology Both encompass subjectivity Both complementary in that capacity of change through therapy
70
Who is associated with Gestalt therapy?
Perls

Psychology (6 decks)

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