DSM-5_ Diagnostic features Flashcards
(34 cards)
1
Q
What is PTSD?
A
-Post traumatic stress disorder
-Development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to 1 or more traumatic events
-Clinical presentation:
Predominantly fear/ anxiety
anhedonia/ dysphoria
arousal/ reactivity
dissociative or a combination
2
Q
PTSD
Diagnostic features
A
- confirmed experience of trauma
- Presence of intrution syptoms
- Persistent avoindace of stimuli associated with the event
- Negative alteration in cognition and mood associated with the event
- Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associatded with trauma
3
Q
PTSD
What qualifies as an experience of trauma?
A
{Direct, Witnessed or Heard about event of a close friend/family}
4
Q
PTSD
What are Intrusion Symptoms?
A
- {Recurrent, involuntary and intrusive distressing memories/dreams}
- {Dissociative reactions (E.g. Flashbacks)}
- {Intense psychological distress and physiological response to cues associated with the trauma}
5
Q
PTSD
Name some examples of negative alterations in cognition and mood associated with (traumatic event).
A
- {Inability to remember details associated with trauma}
- {Negative beleif about self/expectations}
- {Feelings of detachment or estrangment from others}
6
Q
PTSD
What are some Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with (trauma)?
A
- {Irritability/ angry outburst}
- {Reckless, self-destructive behaviour}
- {Exaggerated startle response}
- {Problems with concentration}
- {Hypervigilance}
- {sleep disturbances}
7
Q
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
A
- It is a mood disorder
- One of the most common disorder affecting 1in6 individuals.
- Individuals experince persistent feelings of sadness, helplessness and lose of intrest in activities they once enjoyed.
- Causes clinically significant distress or impairement in social, occupational, or in other important areas of functioning.
- May also show physical symptoms like chronic pain or digestive issues.
8
Q
Depression
Diagnostic Criteria
A
- {Must show at least 5 symptoms for a period of 2 weeks}
- {One of the symptoms has to be “Depressed mood” or “Lose of intressed or pleasure”}
- {Symptoms must not be due to direct physiological effects of a substance or medical condition}
- {MDE is not better explained by schizophrenia pr other psychiatric disorders.}
9
Q
Depression
Diagnostic features
A
- {Persistent feelings of sadness}
- {Loss of intrests in activities}
- {Diminished ability to think or concentrate}
- {Appetite or weight changes (up or down)}
- {Feelings of worthlessness or excessive inappropriate guilt(sometimes delusional)}
- {Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide}
- {Slowing down of thoughts}
- {Fatigue/ decreased energy}
10
Q
What is bipolar disorder?
A
- It is a mood disorder
- Includes Bipolar1, Bipolar2, Cyclothymia, and other related disorders.
- Age of onset in late teens/ early adulthood.
- Involves episodes of either manic or hypomanic episodes followed by episodes of major depressive disorder.
- Individuals often do not perceive that they are ill, in need of treatment, and can resist efforts to be treated.
- Often accompagnied by change in personal appearance
- May experience shaper sense of smell, hearing, vision.
11
Q
Bipolar
Features of Bipolar 1
A
- Age of onset 18
- Manic episodes: Periods of abonormally elavated expansive or irritable mood. Increased goal driven activities lasting 1 week and present most of the days.
- 3 or more of the following: Inflated self-esteem, more talkative, distractability, decreased need to sleep, racing thoughts, psychomoto agitation, increase goal directed activities, implusivity.
- Causes marked impairement in social/ occupational functioning.
- Major depressive Episode
12
Q
Bipolar
Features of Bipolar 2
A
- Age of onset Mid 20s (can be triggered by childbirth)
- Often begins with a depressive episode; becomes more disabling overtime.
- Hypomanic episode: Period of abnormally elevated expensive or irritable mood. Increased goal driven activities lasting 4 consecutive days, present most of the days.
- 3 or more of the same criteria as B1
- Episode is associated with an unequivical change in functioning, disturbance in mood, change in functioning(observed by others).
- Episodes not severe enaugh to impair social functioning.
- Major depressive episode.
13
Q
Bipolar
What are the charateristics of a manic episode?
{Emotional, Cognitive, Motor}
A
- Emotional: Elevated, euphoric, very sociable, impatient at any hindrace.
- Cognitive: Racing thoughts, flight of ideas, desire for action, impulsive behaviors, talkative, self confident, delusions of grandeur.
- Motor: Hyperactivity, tirelessness, requiring less sleep, increased sex drive, fluctuating appetite.
14
Q
Bipolar
What are the characteristics of a depressive episode
{Emotional, Cognitive, Motor}
A
- Emotional: Gloomy, hopeless, socially withdrawn, irritable.
- Cognitive: Slowness of thought, obsessive worrying, innability to make decisions, negative self-image, self-blame, delusions of guilt and disease.
- Motor: Less active, tired, experiencing difficulty in sleeping, decreased sex drive, decreased appetite.
15
Q
Bipolar
Rate of Cycling
A
- Rate of cycling varies
- Rapid cycling: 4 or more cycles in one year
- some individuals may cycle several times in one day
- Lability: rapid shifts in mood
16
Q
Bipolar
Manic depressive psychosis
A
- Coined by Emil Kraeplin in the early 1900s
- Included in early editionsof the DSM as {Manic depression}
- Studied individuals with episodic course of periods of mania and depression.
17
Q
Bipolar
La folie circulaire
A
- Coined by french psychiastrist Jean-Pierre Falret
- Published an article detailing people switching through severe depression and manic excitement.
- Considered the first documented diagnosis of bipolar.
18
Q
What is ADHD?
A
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- It is a developmental disorder
- Identified by persistent patterns of inattetion, hyper activity and impulsivity.
- Factors must be shown to impact developement in a clinically significant manner.
19
Q
ADHD
Diagnostic criteria
A
- Must meet 6 out of 9 diagnostic features.
- For combined Type, 6 from each.
- Based on symptoms that have occured over the past 6 months, age of onset typically 12 and under.
- Adult dignosis must prove that symptoms were present before the age of 19 to ensure its no other disorder.
20
Q
ADHD
3 types
A
- Innatentive
- Hyperactive/ implusive
- Combined
21
Q
ADHD
Features of inattentive type
A
- Distracted
- problems staying focused
- trouble completing tasks, getting started, completed the final details of an assignment
- problems staying organized, keeping tract of belonging
- Trouble remenbering appointments, paying bills on time, attetion to details.
22
Q
ADHD
Features of Hyperactive type
A
- Figetting
- Not able to saty seated
- running and climbing when innapropriate
- always on the go “as if driven by a motor”
- talks too much, blurts out answers, interupts others
- difficulties waiting.
23
Q
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
A
- Developmental disorder
- Often recognized during 2nd year of life, when social behaviors begin.
- Affects how a person acts, learns and communicated with others
- Symptomas range on a wide spectrum
- Graded based on functional impairement from 1(needs support) to 3(needs substancial support)
24
Q
Autism
3 Major areas of difficulties
A
- Impaired communication
- Impaired social interactions
- Restricted behaviours, intrests and activities
25
# Autism
Explain Impaired communication
* People with ASD nearly always have problems or delays in communiation
* 1/3 ppl with ASD never aquire speech
* Those who do often have unusual speech patterns.
* **Echolalia:** repeating/ anotating the speech of others
* May know the alphabet but not their own name
* overly literal understanding of language {difficulty understanding analogies/methaphores}
26
# Autism
Explain Impaired social interaction
* **Social Cognition:** {How you think of yourslef and your social world} {Knowledge of the perception, ideas and intentions of others}
* **Theory of mind:** {Ability to attribute mental states to others} {"Others are separate selves with their own point of view and feelings"}
* **Affective social competence:** {Cordination of capacities to experince, send or read own/ others emotions}
27
# Autism
Explain Restricted Behaviour
* ASD is associated with an intense preference for the status quo (For things to stay the same)
* **Stereotypies:** {Stimming} repetitive, apparently pointless behaviours, used as sensory self stimulation (E.g. rocking, hand clapping, yelling...)
* **Ritualist behaviors:** {order} {individual becomes overwhelmed when disrupted}
28
What is schizophrenia?
* Classified as a psychotic disorder
* The distruction of forces that connect one thought to the next
* Characterized by delusions, hallucinations and or disorganized speech. Diminished level of function. Long lasting symptoms.
* Usually diagnosed in late adolescence, early adulthood
* For 85%, it is preceded by a prodromal stage {Subdued symptoms appearing 1-2 years before full blown disorder}
29
# Schizophrenia
Emil Kraeplin's contributions
* The first to define symptoms of schizophrenia
* Combined several elemets of insanity into one disorder
* distinguished schizophrenia from manic depression
* named it Dementia Proecox {premature dementia}
30
# Schizophrenia
Eugen Bleuler's contributions
* Introduced the term Schizophrenia{split brain}
* Beleived that the core problem was not premature aging of the brain.
* But rather a breaking of associative threats. Elements of the mind become disconnected from each other. Thoughts no longer have any logical connections to each other or to reality in general.
31
# Schizophrenia
What are the 3 main characterictics
| The 3 Basic groups
The symptoms are devided into 3 basic groups.
1. **Positive Syptoms:** Beyond normal experience
2. **Negative Symptoms:** Deficit or absence in a normal behaviour
3. **Cognitive symptoms:** Disorganized symptoms
32
# Schizophrenia
What constitutes a positive symptom?
**Delusions:**
Range from bizarre to non-bizarre (based on posiblility)
* Grandeur: Beleif that one is famous/ chosen
* Persecution: Beleif that others are "out to get them"
* Erotomanic: Beleif that a person is in love with them
* loss of control over mind and body, "as if being controled by someone else"
**Hallucinations:**
* Experience of sensory events without any input from the serounding environment.
* Often auditory but can be any senses {Running commentary of whats going on.}{More sinister "comman hallucinations"}
33
# Schizophrenia
What constitutes a negative symptom?
* **Apathy:** The inability to "get started". Perform basic day to day functions.
* **Autism:** Tendency to keep to oneself. Lose intrest in others/ serroundings.
* **Ambivalance:** Emotional and social withdrawl
* **Anhedonia:** Without pleasure, Indifferent to things consindered pleasurable.
* **Affective Flattening:** Absence of visible emotions, facial expression, emotional inflections in speech. {affects 25% of ppl}
34
# Schizophrenia
What constitutes a cognitive symptom?
**Disorganized speech:**
* Confusing way of speacking
* often radmon from topic to topic
* illogical tangets
**Inappropriate Affect:** Display of inappropriate emotion in a situation.
**Disorganized Behaviour:** Symptoms ranging from wild agitation to catatonic immobility.
