DSM Terminology

Question 1

Catatonic behavior

Answer 1

Marked motor abnormalities including motoric immobility, certain types of excessive motor activity, extreme negativism, or mutism, posturing, or stereotyped movements.

Typically comes with psychosis
Not intentional

Think broad umbrella term for broad abnormalities
Can be excessive motor activity
Can be negative motor activity

Question 2

Excessive motor activity

Answer 2

Purposeless agitation not influenced by external stimuli

Question 3

Extreme negativism

Answer 3

Apparent motiveless resistance to instructions or attempts to be moved

Question 4

Comorbidity

Answer 4

The experience of more than one disorder at a time

Question 5

Countertransference

Answer 5

Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist’s life

Question 6

Pathology

Answer 6

The study of disease process

Question 7

Perception

Answer 7

The processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world.

Question 8

Schema

Answer 8

General conceptual frameworks, or clusters of knowledge, regarding objects, people, and situations; knowledge packages that encode generalizations about the structure of the environment.

Question 9

Transference

Answer 9

The process by which a person in psychoanalysis attaches to a therapist the feelings formerly held toward some significant person who figured in a past emotional conflict.

Question 10

Affect

Answer 10

A pattern of observable behaviors that is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion) (can be incongruent of emotion).

Question 11

Subtypes of affect (Bonus: put them in order!)

Answer 11

Flat 
Blunted
Restricted or constricted
Inappropriate
Labile
Full

Question 12

Blunted affect

Answer 12

significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression

Question 13

Flat affect

Answer 13

Absence or near absence of any sign or affective expression (No smiling, crying, frowning. Flat presentation)

Question 14

Restricted or constricted affect

Answer 14

mild reduction (this is subtle and difficult to observe)

Question 15

Inappropriate affect

Answer 15

characterized by a display of emotion, behavior, or demeanor that is opposite to what an event calls for (Not necessarily on the continuum)

Question 16

Labile affect

Answer 16

rapid and abrupt shifts and swings in their affect

Question 17

Full affect

Answer 17

Considered “normal”

Question 18

Alogia

Answer 18

An impoverishment in thinking that is inferred from observing speech and language behavior. There may be brief and concrete replies to questions and restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech (termed poverty of speech). Sometimes the speech is adequate in amount but conveys little information because it is over-concrete, over-abstract, repetitive, or stereotyped (termed poverty of content).

Question 19

Anhedonia

Answer 19

Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life’s experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure and take interest in things. Anhedonia is a facet of the broad personality trait domain Detachment.

Question 20

Aphasia

Answer 20

Deficit of communication due to injury or disease of brain regions.
Can be characterized by disorganized speech (word salad, extreme tangential, non-linear, loose association)

Question 21

Asociality

Answer 21

A reduced initiative for interacting with other people

Question 22

Avolition

Answer 22

An inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities. When severe enough to be considered pathological, avolition is pervasive and prevents the person from completing many different types of activities (e.g., work, intellectual pursuits, self-care).

Question 23

Cognition

Answer 23

Processes of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also, the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories.

Question 24

Compulsion

Answer 24

Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive.

Question 25

Conversion symptom

Answer 25

A loss of, or alteration in, voluntary motor or sensory functioning, with or without apparent impairment of consciousness. The symptom is not fully explained by a neurological or another medical condition or the direct effects of a substance and is not intentionally produced or feigned.

Question 26

Defense mechanism

Answer 26

Mechanisms that mediate the individual's reaction to emotional conflicts and to external stressors. Some defense mechanisms (e.g., projection, splitting, acting out) are almost invariably maladaptive. Others (e.g., suppression, denial) may be either maladaptive or adaptive, depending on their severity, their inflexibility, and the context in which they occur.

Question 27

Delusion

Answer 27

A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture (i.e., it is not an article of religious faith). When a false belief involves a value judgment, it is regarded as a delusion only when the judgment is so extreme as to defy credibility. Delusional conviction can sometimes be inferred from an overvalued idea (in which case the individual has an unreasonable belief or idea but does not hold it firmly as is the case with a delusion). Delusions will cause problems in their normal life.

Question 28

Types of Delusion

Answer 28

``` Bizarre Jealousy Erotomaniac Grandiose Of being controlled Of reference Persecutory Somatic Thought insertion ```

Question 29

Bizarre delusion

Answer 29

A delusion that involves a phenomenon that the person's culture would regard as physically impossible. Not conceivably possible. Non-bizarre: conceivably possible (within the realm of possibility, but not likely. This is all considered within the client's culture

Question 30

Jealousy delusion

Answer 30

A delusion that one's sexual partner is unfaithful.

Question 31

Erotomaniac delusion

Answer 31

a delusion that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with the individual

Question 32

Grandiose delusions

Answer 32

A delusion of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person.

Question 33

Delusion of being controlled

Answer 33

A delusion in which feelings, impulses, thoughts, or actions are experienced as being under the control of some external force rather than being under one's own control.

Question 34

Delusion of reference

Answer 34

a delusion in which events, objects, or other persons in one's immediate environment are seen as having a particular and unusual significance. These delusions are usually of a negative or pejorative nature but also may be grandiose in content. A delusion of reference differs from an idea of reference, in which the false belief is not as firmly held nor as fully organized into a true belief.

Question 35

Persecutory Delusion

Answer 35

A delusion in which the central theme is that one (or someone to whom one is close) is being attached, harassed, cheated, persecuted, or conspired against

Question 36

Somatic delusions

Answer 36

A delusion whose main content pertains to the appearance or functioning of one's body.

Question 37

Thought broadcasting

Answer 37

A delusion that one's thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others.

Question 38

Thought insertion

Answer 38

A delusion that certain of one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather are inserted into one's mind.

Question 39

Depersonalization

Answer 39

The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes, body, or actions (e.g., feeling like one is in a dream; a sense of unreality of self, perceptual alterations; emotional and/or physical numbing; temporal distortions; sense of unreality).

Question 40

Derealization

Answer 40

The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted).

Question 41

Dissociation

Answer 41

The splitting off clusters of mental contents from conscious awareness. Dissociation is a mechanism central to dissociative disorders. The term is also used to describe the separation of an idea from its emotional significance and affect, as seen in the inappropriate affect in schizophrenia. Often a result of psychic trauma, dissociation may allow the individual to maintain allegiance to two contradictory truths while remaining unconscious of the contradiction. An extreme manifestation of dissociation is dissociative identity disorder, in which a person may exhibit several independent personalities, each unaware of the others

Question 42

Dyskinesia

Answer 42

Distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscle activity. Usually secondary to psychotropic medication. Usually presents in facial movements.

Question 43

Emotional lability

Answer 43

Instability of emotional experiences and mood; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances. Emotional lability is a facet of the broad personality

Question 44

Flight of ideas

Answer 44

A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. When the condition is severe, speech may be disorganized and incoherent.

Question 45

Grandiosity

Answer 45

Believing that one is superior to others and deserves special treatment; self-centeredness; feelings of entitlement; condescension toward others. Grandiosity is a facet of the broad personality trait domain antagonism.

Question 46

Hallucination

Answer 46

A perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of a true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Hallucinations should be distinguished from illusions, in which an external stimulus is misperceived or misinterpreted. The person may or may not have insight into the nonveridical nature of the hallucination. One hallucination person may recognize the false sensory experience, whereas another may be convinced that the experience is grounded in reality. The term hallucination is not ordinarily applied to the false perceptions that occur during dreaming, while falling asleep (hypnagogic), or upon awakening (hypnopompic). Transient hallucinatory experiences may occur without a mental disorder.

Question 47

Subtypes of hallucinations

Answer 47

``` Auditory Gustatory Olfactory Somatic Tactile Visual ```

Question 48

Auditory hallucination

Answer 48

A hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voice

Question 49

Geometric hallucination

Answer 49

Visual hallucinations involving geometric shapes such as tunnels and funnels, spirals, lattices, or cobwebs.

Question 50

Gustatory hallucination

Answer 50

A hallucination involving the perception of taste (usually unpleasant).

Question 51

Somatic hallucination

Answer 51

A hallucination involving the perception of physical experience localized within the body (e.g., a feeling of electricity). A somatic hallucination is to be distinguished from physical sensations arising from an as-yet-undiagnosed general medical condition, from hypochondriacal preoccupation with normal physical sensations, or from a tactile hallucination.

Question 52

Tactile hallucination

Answer 52

A hallucination involving the perception of being touched or of something being under one’s skin. The most common tactile hallucinations are the sensation of electric shocks and formication (the sensation of something creeping or crawling on or under the skin).

Question 53

Visual hallucinations

Answer 53

A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as of people, or of unformed images, such as flashes of light. Visual hallucinations should be distinguished from illusions, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli.

Question 54

Ideas of reference

Answer 54

The feeling that causal incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person. An idea of reference is to be distinguished from a delusion of reference, in which there is a belief that is held with delusional conviction.

Question 55

Magical thinking

Answer 55

The erroneous belief that one’s thoughts, words, or actions will cause or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of cause and effect. Magical thinking may be a part of normal child development.

Question 56

Mood

Answer 56

A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional “weather,” mood refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional “climate.”

Question 57

Types of mood

Answer 57

``` Dysphoric Elevated Euthymic Expansive Irritable Mood-congruent psychotic features Mood-incongruent psychotic features ```

Question 58

Dysphoric mood

Answer 58

An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.

Question 59

Elevated mood

Answer 59

An exaggerated feeling of well-being, or euphoria or elation. A person with elevated mood may describe feeling "high," "ecstatic," "on top of the world," or "up in the clouds."

Question 60

Euthymic mood

Answer 60

Mood in the "normal" range, which implies the absence of depressed or elevated mood.

Question 61

Expansive mood

Answer 61

Lack of restraint in expressing one’s feelings, frequently with an overvaluation of one’s significance or importance.

Question 62

Irritable mood

Answer 62

Easily annoyed and provoked to anger.

Question 63

Mood-congruent psychotic features

Answer 63

Delusions or hallucinations whose content is entirely consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. If the mood is depressed, the content of the delusions or hallucinations would involve themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, disease, death, nihilism, or deserved punishment. The content of the delusion may include themes of persecution if these are based on self-derogatory concepts such as deserved punishment. If the mood is manic, the content of the delusions or hallucinations would involve themes of inflated worth, power, knowledge, or identity, or a special relationship to a deity or a famous person. The content of the delusion may include themes of persecution if these are based on concepts such as inflated worth or deserved punishment.

Question 64

Mood-incongruent psychotic features

Answer 64

Delusions or hallucinations whose content is not consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. In the case of depression, the delusions or hallucinations would not involve themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, disease, death, nihilism, or deserved punishment. In the case of mania, the delusions or hallucinations would not involve themes of inflated worth, power, knowledge, or identity, or a special relationship to a deity or a famous person.

Question 65

Negative Affectivity

Answer 65

Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger), and their behavioral (e.g., self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g., dependency) manifestations. Negative Affectivity is one of the five pathological personality trait domains defined in Section III "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders."

Question 66

Obsession

Answer 66

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action (i.e., by performing a compulsion).

Question 67

Overvalued idea

Answer 67

An unreasonable and sustained belief that is maintained with less than delusional intensity (i.e., the person can acknowledge the possibility that the belief may not be true). The belief is not one that is ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture. Difference between delusion and overvalued idea: doesn't cause impairment and less rigidly believed. If challenged, they will be able to say that they may be wrong. Delusion: rigidly held and causing impairment in their daily life.

Question 68

Perseveration

Answer 68

Persistence at tasks or in a particular way of doing things long after the behavior has ceased to be functional or effective; continuance of the same behavior despite repeated failures or clear reasons for stopping. Perseveration is a facet of the broad personality trait domain Negative Affectivity.

Question 69

Personality

Answer 69

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. Personality traits are prominent aspects of personality that are exhibited in relatively consistent ways across time and across situations. Personality traits influence self and interpersonal functioning. Depending on their severity, impairments in personality functioning and personality trait expression may reflect the presence of a personality disorder.

Question 70

Phobia

Answer 70

A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (i.e., the phobic stimulus) out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid it. If it cannot be avoided, the phobic stimulus is endured with marked distress.

Question 71

Pressured speech

Answer 71

Speech that is increased in amount, accelerated, and difficult or impossible to interrupt. Usually it is also loud and emphatic. Frequently the person talks without any social stimulation and may continue to talk even though no one is listening.

Question 72

Psychoticism

Answer 72

Exhibits a wide range of culturally incongruent odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both processes (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs). Psychoticism is one of the five broad personality trait domains defined in Section III "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders." Can present with stereotypical movements

Question 73

Racing thoughts

Answer 73

A state in which the mind uncontrollably brings up random thoughts and memories and switches between them very quickly. Sometimes the thoughts are related, with one thought leading to another; other times they are completely random. A person experiencing an episode of racing thoughts has no control over them and is unable to focus on a single topic or to sleep.

Question 74

Stereotyped behaviors/movement

Answer 74

Repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting).

Question 75

Stupor

Answer 75

Lack of psychomotor activity, which may range from not actively relating to the environment to complete immobility.

Question 76

Tic

Answer 76

Involuntary, sudden rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement, or vocalization. Non-rhythmic, rapid, sudden, recurrent – distinguishes tics from dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is caused by medication and can be treated by medication. Can be permanent (medication caused neurological damage) Tics are caused by neurological issues