DSP test

Question 1

Glycosuria

Answer 1

excess sugar in urine

due to untreated diabetes –> kidney did not reabsorb all the glucose therefore glucose failure

Question 2

Feet that are blue and lack sensation - what does it mean?

Answer 2

It means that the feet do not have enough blood supply and not enough oxygen going there.

Question 3

Painful foot due to blood clot

Answer 3

Congestion of blood therefore the tissues become hypoxic (not enough CO2) –> cell death

Question 4

Antibodies that don’t work, is the infection inflammation/infection?

Answer 4

If it was infection/inflammation the antibiotics should work.

Question 5

Ischaemia

Answer 5

Restriction of blood supply to tissues, resulting in a lack of oxygen and glucose needed for metabolism

Question 6

Aetiology of ischaemia

Answer 6

Blood clot / thrombosis

Question 7

Pes cavus

Answer 7

high arched foot

Question 8

Adhesions

Answer 8

car tissue in a body cavity (sticking together) –> organs sticking together, restriction of movement

Question 9

NSAIDS

Answer 9

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

prevent adhesions and inflammation

Question 10

What surrounds the tendons of an ankle joint?

Answer 10

synovial tendon sheaths

Question 11

Why would you need ice to be put on a certain area?

Answer 11

To reduce vasoconstriction

Question 12

Iatrogenic

Answer 12

Disease caused by medical intervention

Question 13

Nosocomial

Answer 13

Disease contracted in a hospital environment

Question 14

Transmission of a disease in a hospital setting

Answer 14

Cross contamination
Inadequate sterilisation (process of getting the instruments completely free of organisms)

Question 15

HBV (acute hepatitis B)

Answer 15

Chronic inflammation of the liver

Question 16

Chronic inflammation

Answer 16

Inflammation that induces lymphocytes and macrophages (natural killer cells) and macrophages undergoing phagocytosis to go to the site of infection

Question 17

Acute inflammation

Answer 17

Inflammation that brings neutrophils to the infected site (therefore there is pus seen at the site)

Question 18

Plantar Fasciitis

Answer 18

Pain in hell and plantar surface of the foot.

• -> inflammation, fibrosis, structural deterioration of the plantar fascia.
• -> musculoskeletal disorder affecting 3-7% of the general population

Question 19

Why should plantar fasciitis be treated?

Answer 19

It causes further issues and problems. Inhibits daily function.

Question 20

Capsulitis

Answer 20

Inflammation of an organ/part or between toe joints

Question 21

Why should capsulitis be treated with inhibition of inflammation response?

Answer 21

Capsulitis needs inflammation to occur.

Also prevents contractures and deformities.

Question 22

Contracture

Answer 22

Abnormal shortening of muscle. The scar tissue causes distortion and deformity

Question 23

Contraction

Answer 23

Skin contraction, an essential part of healing process.

Question 24

Decubitis ulcer (what is it and what are the complications?)

Answer 24

Bedsore
Pressure induced ulceration of the skin occurring in persons confined to the bed for a long time
Tissues become necrotic ischaemia and therefore erode.

Complications –> exposure to bacteria and viruses

Question 25

Enchondroma

Answer 25

benign growth of cartilage tissue | --> destroys bone

Question 26

Does enchondroma have any harmful effects?

Answer 26

Foot pain Enlargement of affected toe (destroys bone in the localised area as it is encapsulated and cannot go elsewhere) slow bone growth

Question 27

Verruca plantaris

Answer 27

wart on the plantar surface of the feet | -- caused by HPV

Question 28

Acral lentiginous melanoma

Answer 28

irregular, enlarging black macule with prolonged noninvasive stage, occurring chiefly on palm/soles

Question 29

Chemotherapy

Answer 29

kill cancer cells | can work on metastasised cells as well

Question 30

Radiotherapy

Answer 30

ionising radiation to a localised area by beaming/inserting into tissues Doesn't work on metastasised cells

Question 31

Skin cancer on the lower extremities

Answer 31

30% of all primary cutaneous melanomas are on the lower extremities

Question 32

What is the podiatrist's role of recognising/diagnosing skin cancer?

Answer 32

recognise, but no need to diagnose. refer to a specialist health professional for that.

Question 33

Swelling in the ankle and leg

Answer 33

blockage accumulation of the blood

Question 34

Discolouration of the leg

Answer 34

Due to clotting

Question 35

Developing a DVT?

Answer 35

``` Obesity Best Rest (fatty tissue can compress the veins) Economy class syndrome ```

Question 36

Swollen legs and ankles (left and right side heart failure)

Answer 36

Right side heart failure (due to left side heart failure) there is an increase in fluid pressure therefore damaging the right side. leads to right side losing pumping power blood backs up int he body's veins therefore there is swollen legs and ankles

Question 37

Silent myocardial infarct

Answer 37

necrosis, obstruction and ischaemia | however there are no symptoms

Question 38

Why did a thrombus form on a myocaridal infarct?

Answer 38

Damage on the arterial wall therefore aggregation of inflammation and healing therefore there is extra clotting

Question 39

Pulseless lower limb

Answer 39

thrombus cause on obstruction of blood supply to the lower limb

Question 40

Occlusion (sudden or gradual?)

Answer 40

sudden acutely ischaemic right lower limb if it was gradual you would feel pain

Question 41

Normal blood pressure ?

Answer 41

90/50 - 120/90 mmHg

Question 42

ABI

Answer 42

ankle brachial index

Question 43

Normal ABI value?

Answer 43

1.0-1.2 | lower it is, the more there is arterial disease. if it is above, there is abnormal vessel hardening

Question 44

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 44

FH smoker HT hypercholesterolaemia

Question 45

Intermittent claudication

Answer 45

clinical diagnosis for muscle pain especially calf muscles obstructs arteries insufficient blood flow metabolic demand increase, therefore requires more oxygenated blood but cannot because ischaemic pain

Question 46

Weakness and difficulty walking

Answer 46

blood clotting, TIA, stroke | dribble mouth, cannot dorsiflex very well, shoulder drop

Question 47

Risk factors

Answer 47

HT, age, CV disease, HBP, lifestyle, diet, FH

Question 48

Normalative value for a fasting BGL (blood glucose level)?

Answer 48

4-6 mmol/L

Question 49

Injecting insulin in a person with type 2 diabetes

Answer 49

hyperglycaemia damages the pancreas therefore cannot produce insulin properly. so must inject insulin to compensate for lack of insulin

Question 50

Microangiopathy

Answer 50

Disease in the small blood vessels affecting the basement membrane, kidneys and feet.

Question 51

Body organs that are susceptible to damage due to microangiopathy in diabetes?

Answer 51

peripheral circulation, kidney, capillaries

Question 52

Underlying disease process that leads to microangiopathy in diabetes?

Answer 52

hyperglycaemia --> stimulates endothelial cells to reduce lumen and therefore causes thickening of the basement membrane

Question 53

Addressing onychocryptosis for the long-term?

Answer 53

foot wear choices, poor blood flow therefore less blood circulating to the infected area

Question 54

why does diabetes = increased risk of infection?

Answer 54

bacteria grow in sugary environments (hyperglycaemia) and leads to increased chance of infection

Question 55

Reviewing patients

Answer 55

Every 4-6 weeks

Question 56

What do you say when you refer them to the GP?

Answer 56

Tell them what you're going to do, what their problem is and get them to to prescribe medication accordingly.