Dual-process approaches to B change Flashcards
What is a key assumption of B change in relation to thinking?
- Key assumption is people make behavioural decisions after they collect pertinent information, weigh pros and cons, appraise sources of support and make probabilistic predictions about the consequences of their actions
- Therefore, interventions focus on providing information about such parameters
- For example, the health benefits of an active lifestyle, ignoring how exercise makes you feel
If exercise always makes us feel good, how do we explain so many people NOT doing it?
- Other activities are also pleasurable (eating unhealthy foods)
- Socialising over alcohol
- Paradox that something is going wrong as literature and sport science says exercise makes us feel good, but so many don’t engage with it
What percentage of Britons would not exercise even if their life depended on it?
62% British Heart Foundation Survey (2007)
What percentage of Britons find exercise fun?
4% British Heart Foundation Survey (2007)
What did Ekkekakis and Lind (2005) find about overweight people doing exercise?
Those overweight tended to rate higher levels of displeasure during PA than normal weight (breathlessness and ratings of perceived exertion)
Briefly describe the exercise intensity and affective responses relationship
- Fairly homogenaic effect in moderate zone - report more pleasure
- Heavy as zone of variability, see some displeasure, some high pleasure
- As get to VO2peak, displeasure increases among everyone
- Can help to inform exercise interventions and exercise prescription
- High pleasure can help sustain engagement and better health
- May be issues with certain exercise modalities - HIIT promoted by many mass media campaigns - likely to report more displeasure
What do dual-process models suggest?
That the human mind comprises of two main types of processes which shape our behaviour and way decisions are made
Differentiate between type 1 and 2 processes
- Automatic - unconscious, impulsive, require minimal involvement of cognitive resources, learnt over time
- Reflective - controlled, analytical, effortful, reliant upon the availability of cognitive resources, underlies traditional models of B change
A core component of type 1 processes represents affective responses, define affect
A broad term referring to how we feel based on our emotions and mood, often conceptualised on a continuum from pleasure to displeasure
Briefly describe the Affective-Reflective Theory of Physical Inactivity
Brand and Ekkekakis (2018)
- Theory states that humans come into conflict with T1 and T2
- T1 (automatic valuation of exercise) are restraining forces against T2 (rational consideration) driving forces
- Peoples affective responses can be constraining
Describe the dual-processing model
- Processes competing with each other as to how we engage in certain Bs
- Exercise related stimulus can be internal/ external (tell self/ told to do exercise)
- Stimulus met with automatic assoc - encode cognitive and affect differently - learn from past experiences
- Automatic affective valuation is the pleasure and displeasure assoc with exercise
- More pleasure/ displeasure causes action impulse
Use the dual-processing model to describe B change in someone who believes exercise in unenjoyable
- Someone believes exercise is unenjoyable, causes sedentary actions
- Get stimulus, go through T1 process
- If have adequate self-control (discipline) will cause reflection on automatic valuation
- T2 integrates
- Think exercise is good, causing action plans
- B change acknowledges affective valuation placed on exercise is very important
Why don’t people exercise from an affective-reflective theory perspective?
“…because the core affective valence (pleasure/displeasure) associated with the current state of physical inactivity is more positive than the affective valence (pleasure/displeasure) associated with exercise”
(Brand & Ekkekakis, 2018, p. 56)
Give a summary of the dual-process approach to B change for the end of an essay
- The message that exercise makes us “feel good” has been overstated and is far too simplistic
- Exercise inflicts varied affective responses
○ Makes people feel differently
○ One study reported physically inactive populations tend to associated negative affect with exercise and physical activity - Dual process theories offer a new insight to understand behaviour - differentiate from more traditional models of B change
- Affective-Reflective theory of exercise behaviour acknowledges automatic affective valuations of exercise, as well as rational processes - two interacting processes which direct B
Give a supporting study of the dual-process approach
Rhodes et al (2015)
- Systematic review of 24 studies regarding whether affective responses to PA relate to future PA behaviour
- A positive change in affective responses during exercise was linked to future PA behaviour - during vital as not considered in B change models (don’t consider during B responses) - direct finding that supports underpinning of model to adapt positive overlooks to sustain exercise
○ Even if feel good after exercise, how feel in moment of exercise may not outweigh
○ Key distinction of model
○ Exercise is stressful B, places body under adverse state which can be v undesirable - Findings support the dual-process model and the basic premise of hedonic theory
