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Duchaine Flashcards

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1
Q

the last step of the

biosynthesis of Cholesterol occurs by

A

reduction by

NADPH

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2
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Commonly
used to add 2 carbons to
biomolecules (e.g. A.A.s)

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3
Q

Condensation vs Hydrolysis

A

Condensation produces H2O and is energetically unfavourable

Hydrolysis requires H2O and is energetically favourable

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4
Q

Examples of condensation reactions

A

polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins

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5
Q

Examples of hydrolysis reactions

A

ATP to AMP

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6
Q

Stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells

What happens to energy

A

small activation energies overcome at body temperature owing to the presence of enzymes

activated carrier molecules store energy

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7
Q

direct burning of sugar

What happens to energy

A

large activation energy overcome by the heat from a fire

all free energy is released as heat; none is stored

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8
Q

glycolysis molecules

A
  • one molecule of glucose
  • fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  • two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
  • two molecules of pyruvate
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9
Q

One molecule of glucose

A

two molecules of pyruvate

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10
Q

Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase

A

reverses the activation of

Fructose 6-phosphate, hence creating an apparently ‘futile cycle’

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11
Q

Glycolysis net products,

A

2 molecules of NADH and 2 of ATP and 2 pyruvate

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12
Q

hexokinase

A

The phosphorylation of glucose at position 6 in glycolysis

glucose + ATP to glucose 6-phosphate +ADP

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13
Q

phosphoglocose

isomerase

A

the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phospate

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14
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

aldolase

A

the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by aldolase. This yields two different
products, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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16
Q

triose phosphate isomerase

A

the isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to another molecule of
glyceraldehyde phosphate

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17
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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18
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase

A

the transfer of the 1-phosphate group from 1,3-bis-phosphoglycerate to ADP to yield ATP, which yields 3-phosphoglycerate

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19
Q

phosphoglycerate

mutase

A

the isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

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20
Q

enolase

A

the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

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21
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

the transfer of the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, to yield another ATP

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22
Q

From the pyruvate and NADH produced what can be excreted

A

fermentation leading to lactate by NAD+ regeneration

fermentation leading to excretion of alcohol (ethanol) and CO2

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23
Q

Hydrolysis of stored fat results in

A

fatty acids, glycerol

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24
Q

fatty acids being oxidized results in

A

ATP and CO2

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25
Fatty acids and sugars are all converted into
acetyl CoA
26
One turn of the Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) produces
three NADH, One GTP, and one FADH2, two molecules of CO2
27
Fad to FADH2
2H and 2e-
28
Mitochondria vs chloroplast
mitochondria --> outer, inner, membrane, intermembrane space, matrix space chloroplast --> outer, inner, membrane, intermembrane space, stoma, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid space
29
How is hydrogen moved across the membrane
high enegy electron to a low energy electron and the hydrogen is moved
30
What follows glycolysis?
kreb cycle
31
Where does the Krebs (Citric acid) cycle occur?
matrix of the mitochondria
32
How does the Krebs (Citric acid) cycle start?
Starts by the coupling of two carbons carried by AcetylCoa, generating Citric acid (6 carbons) from Oxaloacetate (4 carbons).
33
Carbons in Citric acid
6 carbons
34
Carbons in Oxaloacetate
4 carbons
35
What happens to citric acid? why?
Citric acid is progressively oxidized to yield high-energy | activated carriers, and regenerate Oxaloacetate.
36
Each citric acid cycle yeilds
Each cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP, and 2 | CO2 (waste).
37
Does the citric acid cycle require oxygen?
Requires Oxygen
38
Density gradient centrifugation on mitochondria
seperates the layers, inner membrane, outer membrane, and matrix
39
Where is the cardiolipins
rich in Inner membrane
40
Combustion
H2+1/2O2 = H2O
41
Oxidative phosphorylation
ADP to ATP while NADH to NAD+
42
Electron transport
drive pump that pymps protons across membrane
43
Where does electrons from through?
HNADH dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome b-c1 complex, cytochromo oxidase complax
44
The electron transport carriers
Composed of more than 15 electron carriers | (>60proteins) embedded within the inner membrane
45
What does the electron transport allow for
Sequential changes in conformation permit the | translocation of protons across the membrane
46
What does the electron transport utilize
Utilize Heme groups, Ubiquinone, Iron-Sulfur centres, | and copper atoms to ‘handle’ the electrons.
47
How do electrons move in electron tranport chain
The electrons move from one carrier to another, going from an high energy state, to the lowest energy state (towards greater redox potential)
48
End point of electron tranport chain
• The end point is the reduction of Oxygen into H20
49
Confomation A, B, and C, affinity for hydorgens
A - high affinity for H+ B - high affinity as H is bound C- low infinity as H+ is released
50
In normal conditions what happens to the a,b,c,d units to produce O2
partially oxidized
51
In anaerobic conditions what happens to the a,b,c,d units to produce O2
fully reduced
52
An electrochemical proton | gradient
High positive and hydrogen concentration in intermembrane space low hydorgen and high negative charge in matrix
53
What does the voltage gradient in inner membrane drive?
ADP-ATP exchange
54
What does the pH gradient in inner membrane drive?
pyruvate import
55
Voltaic membrane difference
180 to 190 mV
56
pH osmotic membrane difference
0.5 pH units
57
What does the work to pump protons across inner membrane of the mitco
Electrons in Chemio-Osmotic coupling
58
In Chemio-Osmotic coupling what donates the electrons
NADH and FADH2
59
The energy stored within this gradient is used to
ATP: Oxidative phosphorylation | by the FoF1 ATP synthetase complex
60
ATP per NADH
2.5
61
ATP per FADH2
1.5 FADH2 gives its electrons lower in the ETC, lower yield
62
ATP per glucose
–Under normoxic conditions, | the TOTAL YIELD of ATP per glucose =30ATP
63
Oxidized form Reduced form NADP/NADPH
Oxidized form- NADP Reduced form- NADPH
64
What is required in oplymerization reacrion?
one packet of energy is not sufficient for the polymerization reaction and therefore the chemistry that's involved actually burns both bonds that are invested in phosphate
65
maximize the flow of energy by
stepwise oxidation with stored energy in activayted carriers
66
How is the PFK regulated by GDP
allostericallly
67
ATP and AMP levels on PFK and fructose 1,6, biphosphate
PFK inhibited by ATP | F16BP inhibited by AMP
68
What drives the entire reaction glycolysis
pyrvuvate kinase transfer of one phosphate to ADP to form ATP most others are in equilibrium
69
ATP in glycolysis Invested Produced Net
2 4 +2
70
What forms a bond with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
covalent bond to SH group of a cysteine side chain of enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase also forms noncovalent to NAD+
71
What happens to thioester bond?
oxidation and phosphate displaces forming 1-3 bisphosphooglycerate
72
What happens in the final step of 7?
high energy bond to phosphate is transferred to ADP forming ATP and 3-phosphoglyerate
73
Summary of steps 6 and 7 in terms of molecular shapes
aldehyde to a carboxylic acid with NADH and ATP produced - OXIDATION OF SINGLE BOND
74
IS STEP 6 AND 7 favoured
energetically favoured
75
creatine phosphate
restore ATP
76
Purpose of fermentation
quick ATP generation
77
How do animals generate ATP such as gold fish
use pyruvate and covert tp acetaldehyde producing NAD+ and CO2/ethanol
78
Convertion of pyruvate to acetyl coA
produces NADH
79
oxidation of fatty acids form
ATP and CO2
80
What comes out of a fatty acetyl CoA?
get rid of 2 carbons produces NADH and FADH2 and one acetyl CoA
81
18C fatty acetyl Coa produces how many Acetyl CoAs Cycles NADH FADH2
9 8 24 8
82
what is better source of energy?
fatty acids but slower
83
What drives NADH to NAD and the electrons to ATP
O2 | oxidative phosphorylation
84
Net products from one glucose molecule in mitochondria
2 pyruvate --> 8 NADH +2 FADH2 +2 GTO
85
Net products from one fatty acid molecule in mitochondria
8 acetyl Coa + 1 palmitoyl CoA --> 31 NADH +15 FADH2 + 8 GTP
86
The flow of electrons throgh ETC
NADH to NAD+ as the electrons move through NADH dehydrogenase complex as H+ is pumped into intermembrane space Hydrogen is pumped into intermembrane space through cytochrome b-c1 complex and electrons move into cytochrome oxidase complex in cytochrome oxidase complex the Hydrogen is pumped across and 2H combine with 2 e- and 1/2 O2 to form an H2O
87
Free energy in each of the complex NADH dehydrogenase complex cytochrome b-c1 complex cytochrome oxidase complex
highest to lowest free energy per electron
88
Cytochrome c and ubiquinone purpose
handle electrons and hand them over
89
Where is hydrogen being pumped in the ETC
matrix to intermembrane space
90
Electron path
NADH dehydrogenase to ubiquinone to cytochrome b-c1 complex to cytochrome c to cytochrome oxidase complex
91
How many electrons are put into the ETC by NADH
2
92
Electron transport is coupled with
hydrogen transport to change charge back to normal
93
fully reduced ubiquinone
contains 2 e- and 2 H+
94
Heme purpose
they are reduced and oxidized in generally increasing reduction potentials to transfer four electrons ultimately to reduce O2
95
how many electrons at once entering from cytochrome c
4 which produce two h2Os
96
What are some electron handlers
heme groups, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur centers, and cooper atoms
97
What will increase in anaerobic conditions?
lactate and (CO2 and other things in gold fish)
98
How is hydrogen enter the matrix
Hydrogen gradient by ATP synthesis | by ATP synthase and converts ADP to ATP
99
How can H+ gradient be regenerated
by H+ pump using ATP to burn and produce gradient | ATP hydorlysis
100
Purpose of ETC in bacteria
flagellum to move around the Cecelia
101
Where do food molecules come from?
cytosol
102
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
matrix

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