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physio lab finals > Duck > Flashcards

Duck Flashcards

1
Q

Scattered through our organs are various _________that respond to stimuli in the internal or external environment of the organism

A

sensory receptors

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2
Q

All input to the CNS arrives in the same form as nerve impulses via

A

sensory neuron

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3
Q

are the physiological capacities within an organism that provide the inputs for perception

A

Senses

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4
Q

The information that the brain derives from sensory input is based on the frequency and pattern with which these impulses arrive on the identity of specific transmitting neuron
T or F

A

True

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5
Q

Topognosis aka….

A

Touch Localization

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6
Q

refers to the ability to localize stimuli to parts of the body

A

Touch Localization

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7
Q

occurs when the brain associates touch perception with sensory
nerve endings of a specific location on the ski

A

Touch Localization

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8
Q

🞂 due to differential density of distribution of the specific nerve
endings, touch sensitivity varies in one specific body regions
T or F

A

F
Different

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9
Q

T or R
sensitivity is greater in areas of the body with a high density of sensory nerve endings

A

T

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10
Q

Touch Discrimination is aka

A

Two-point discrimination

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11
Q

refers to the ability of the peripheral sensory nerves to recognize simultaneous stimulation by two blunt points (Walker, et al., 1990)
🞂 the point at which the patient can no longer differentiate one from two points once the two points are moved progressively closer

A

Touch Discrimination

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12
Q

TWO-POINT DISCRIMINATION DEPENDS ON:

A

◦ Activating two separate populations of neurons
◦ The receptive fields must be small
◦ The receptors must be densely packed in a sensitive area, so that two points very close together activate different receptors

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13
Q

Mechanisms of Touch Localization

A

Stimulus
Sensory Receptors
Afferent Nerve
CNS

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14
Q

Factors Affecting Sensitivity

A

◦ FACTORS:

HIGH
🞄 the large brain space devoted to
perception of touch in skin areas
🞄 the high density of touch sensory nerve fibers and receptor endings in a particular skin areas
◦ Glabrous (smooth and not hairy) areas of the skin are richly endowed with nerve endings which make them very sensitive (Culberson, 2006)
◦ i.e. fingertips and lips

LOW
◦ FACTORS:
🞄 less brain space in the cortex
🞄 lower density of sensory fibers and
receptor endings

◦ Hairy skin areas have fewer endings and different kinds with a low density of touch receptors which make them less sensitive to touch (Culberson, 2006).
◦ i.e. skin of the back and trunk

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15
Q
  • Due to the large amount of mechanoreceptors specialized to provide information to the central nervous system about touch, this makes
    the skin area to be highly
    sensitive wherein even weak mechanical stimulation of the skin induces them to produce action potentials (Purves, et al., 2001).
A

true

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16
Q

Left Hemisphere section receives input from the body’s right side
for INPUT

A

Sensory Cortex

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17
Q

Left Hemisphere section controld the body’s right
OUTPUT

A

Motor Cortex

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18
Q

SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTOR TYPES

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles
Pacinian C
Ruffini C
Hair Follicles
Merkel Complex
Free Nerve Ending

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19
Q

◦ Some are touch-sensitive (mechanoreceptors), while others are strictly pain-
sensitive (nociceptors).
◦ Others are temperature-sensitive (thermoreceptors) may be either cold- sensitive or heat-sensitive.
◦ Commonly found in hairy and smooth (glabrous) skin, cornea of the eye, pulp of teeth, mucous membranes, and many other locations.

A

Free nerve-endings

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20
Q

◦ Some are touch-sensitive

A

mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

others are strictly pain-
sensitive (

A

nociceptors

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22
Q

◦ Others are temperature-sensitive

A

thermoreceptors

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23
Q

◦ Commonly found in hairy and smooth (glabrous) skin, cornea of the eye, pulp of teeth, mucous membranes, and many other locations.

A

Free nerve-endings

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24
Q

◦ encapsulated and sensitive to pressure and vibration stimuli

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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25
Q

◦ found in hairy and smooth skin

A

Merkel’s discs/Merkel’s cells

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26
Q

◦ sensitive to touch and pressure
◦ important in localizing touch sensation to different areas of the
body

A

Merkel’s discs/Merkel’s cells

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27
Q

◦ very important in touch localization and texture discrimination

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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28
Q

◦ abundant in smooth skin of toes, fingertips, palms, and soles of the feet.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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29
Q

◦ very sensitive to touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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30
Q

◦ very sensitive to hair displacement

A

🞂 Hair follicle endings

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31
Q

the organism’s ability to determine the location of a sound and where it originates from directly (Alleydog.com, 2016).

A

sound localization

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32
Q

surrounds an observer & exists wherever there is sound

A

auditory space

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33
Q

how Sounds are localized

A

Distance coordinates
Azimuth coordinates
Elevation coordinates

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34
Q

Sound localization: position left
to right)

A

azimuth coordinate

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35
Q

Sound localization: position from observer

A

Distance coordinates

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36
Q

Sound localization: position up & down

A

Elevation coordinates

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37
Q

location cues based on the comparison of the signals received by the left and right ears

A

Azimuth Binaural Cues

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38
Q

2 binary cues on Auditory localization

A
  1. Interaural Time Difference (ITD)
  2. Interaural Intensity Difference (IID)
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39
Q

represents the measurement of the level of intensity which decreases with distance

A

Interaural Intensity Difference (IID)

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40
Q

produced because the ‘shadowing’ effect of the head prevents some of the incoming sound energy from reaching the far ear

A

Head Shadow Effect

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41
Q

 the delay that a listener perceives between the time that a
sound reaches one ear and the time that it reaches the other
 cues give information regarding the angular direction of a
source.

  • If the s
A
  1. Interaural Time Difference (ITD)
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42
Q
  • If the source is directly in front or behind the listener, the sound will reach both ears at the same time and the ITD will be 0.
  • When the source is to the side of the listener, the times will differ
A
  1. Interaural Time Difference (ITD)
43
Q

Will localization will be impaired if one is malfunctioning?

A

Yes
Unilateral hearing loss greatly affects sound localization because of the head shadow effect (allows perception of different sound volumes between ears and sounds partially blocked by the head) (D, Alessandro, 2011).

44
Q

Experiment on Blind spot

A

Mariotte’ experiment

45
Q

Region of retina where axons of ganglion cells exit to form optic nerve

A

blind spot

46
Q

🞂 Corresponds with optic disk (regions where optic nerve leaves and blood vessels enter the eye.

A

Blindspot

47
Q

No photoreceptors present thus no visual information can be transduced

A

Blindspot

48
Q

read

A

We do not usually notice blind spots because when both eyes are open, the blind spot of one eye corresponds to retina that is seeing properly in the other eye.

49
Q

central region of retina, provides clearest vision. Only cones are present and packed together.

A

fovea

50
Q

is located about 15 degrees on the nasal side of the fovea.

A

blind spot

51
Q

overlying cellular layers and blood vessels are displaced so that light rays are subject to a minimum of scattering before they strike the outer segments of the cones

A

read

52
Q

also called ghost image or image-burn in.

A

afterimage

53
Q

-occurs after staring at an original image for a period of time then suddenly looking away at a blank paper

A

afterimage

54
Q

Explained as the adaptation of human retina’s photo-receptor cells.

A

afterimage

55
Q

transform light in the form of photon energy into electric signal.

A

Receptors

56
Q

change in opsin concentration

A

Photoreceptor kinetics

57
Q

2 theory

A

trichromatic theory
opponent process theory

58
Q

suggests that our ability to perceive color is controlled by three receptor complexes with opposing actions. These three receptors complexes are the red-green complex, the blue- yellow complex and the black-white complex.

A

Opponent Process Theory

59
Q

Fits with afterimages, color blindness and evolution of color vision.

A

ewan

60
Q

labyrinthine reflexes

A

vestibular apparatus
macula of Utricle and Saccule

61
Q

Static Equilibrium

A

hotdog

62
Q

Vestibular mechanisms for stabilizing eyes

A

1.Detection of Rotation
2. Inhibition of extraocular muscles on one side & Excitation od extraocular muscles on the other side
3. Compensating eye movement

63
Q

Experiment for Equilibrium

A

Rotating Chair Experiment

63
Q

Search for Dynamic Equilibrium

A

search

64
Q

illusory movements of objects

A

Oscillopsia

65
Q

the feeling that the surroundings are moving

A

Vertigo

66
Q

feet says ground is steady, eyes says the surroundings are moving. Conflicting signals can cause motion sickness.

A

Motion Sickness

67
Q

Position senses or the sense of the physical state of body

A

Proprioception

68
Q

Involves somatosensory receptors

A

◦ skin tactile receptors
◦ deep receptors
◦ muscle spindles

68
Q

What’s mechanoreceptors

A

May high sensitivity kineme
a sense organ or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound.

69
Q

Positioning of body segments with respect to each other and the environment

A

spacial orientation

70
Q

Spatial orientation Depends on information from:

A

◦ Somatosensory (Proprioceptive) receptors
◦ Visual system
◦ Vestibular system

71
Q

🞂 Requires input from proprioception and vision

A

reaching movement

72
Q

Identifies target location, distance, depth

🞂 Position of limb

🞂 Visual feedback from moving limb

A

vision and action

73
Q

Provides information of initial position of limbs
🞂 Assists in coordination of movement
🞂 Involves somatosensory receptors

A

Limb proprioception

74
Q

Muscle Spindle Receptor

A

are encapsulated sensory receptors which inform the brain about changes in the length of muscles

75
Q

Golgi tendon Organ

A

is a proprioceptor – a type of sensory receptor that senses changes in muscle tension.

76
Q

Others Somatosensory Receptors

A

Joint capsule receptors
Tactile

77
Q

◦ Ruffini’s endings (SA2 fibers) detect skin stretch
◦ Pacinian type I may interfere with movement detection

A

Tactile

78
Q

◦ Possibly finger joint movement (Proske and Gandevia, 2012) and hand shape (Kandel et al., 2013)

A

Joint capsule receptors

79
Q

Sensory Pathways

A
  1. The dorsal column- medial lemniscal system
  2. Somatosensory areas of cerebral cortex
80
Q

◦ One of the parallel pathways carrying somatosensory impulses to the thalamus

A

The dorsal column- medial lemniscal system

81
Q

goal-directed movement

A

Eyes closed
Eyes open

82
Q

◦ proprioceptive and visual information available
◦ increases accuracy of target perception
◦ speed requirement may discourage guiding behavior

A

Eyes open

83
Q

◦ visual information absent
◦ target perception less accurate

A

Eyes closed

84
Q

Joints make body mechanically unstable

🞂 Upright stance is maintained through muscle activation

🞂 Integrates proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual inputs

A

Postural Control

85
Q

🞂 Center of mass depends
on postural orientation

🞂 Base of support defined
by contact with surface

A

Balance

86
Q

◦ Bring back center of mass
within base of support
◦ Expand base of support

A

Corrective behavior:

87
Q

directional turning curve

A

A turn is a change in direction that is sharper than a curve. It involves a more abrupt change in the path of travel, often at a right angle or close to it.

88
Q

process of muscle activation

A

check on the ppt

89
Q

Provide information on muscle stretch, muscle force, and directionally specific pressure on foot soles

A

proprioception

90
Q

prioception relies on

A

la afferent
lb afferent

91
Q

Forms a neural map of body segments

A

pro prioception

92
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

lb afferent

93
Q

muscle spindles

A

la afferent

94
Q

Informs brain of:
◦ direction of gravity
◦ velocity of head rotation

🞂 Influence tuning of directional response

A

vestibular information

95
Q

Provides orientation and motion information

🞂 Cannot distinguish between self motion and object motion

A

vision

96
Q

This 4 provides control

A

Spinal cord

🞂 Brain stem and cerebellum

🞂 Spinocerebellum and basal ganglia

🞂 Cerebral cortex
◦ Anticipatory postural adjustment

97
Q

◦ Antigravity support

A

Spinal cord

98
Q

◦ Integration of sensory signals

A

Brain stem and cerebellum

99
Q

◦ Adaptation of posture

A

🞂 Spinocerebellum and basal ganglia

100
Q

◦ Anticipatory postural adjustment with voluntary movement (supplementary motor area)
◦ Possibly perception of body verticality (temporoparietal cortex)
◦ Requires attention and is affected by emotional state

A

Cerebral cortex

101
Q

Greater sample entropy means less regular COP fluctuations

🞂 Dancers seem to devote less attention to maintaining posture than non-dancers
(Stins et al., 2009

A

attention demand

physio lab finals (1 decks)

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