DWANG

Question 1

Anatomy:

Question 2

physiology:

Question 3

Pathophysiology

Answer 3

to study the abnormality related to diseases. Deals with any disturbances of body functions caused by diseases

Question 4

Pharmacology and Therapuetics:

Answer 4

Drug action to the body and use the drugs to treat diseases

Question 5

what is the orginization of the human body?

Answer 5

Molecular (drug target)



Cellular



Tissue



Organ



Organ system



Whole body (symptoms)

Question 6

Body Organ system

Answer 6

Question 7

Negative feedback

Answer 7

a type of regulation in biological systems in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process.

Question 8

describe the importance of negative feedback mechanism
in the maintenance of body internal environment stable (homeostasis)

Answer 8

Maintenance of homeostasis usually involves negative feedback loops. These loops act to oppose the stimulus, or cue, that triggers them. For example, if your body temperature is too high, a negative feedback loop will act to bring it back down towards the set point, or target value, of 98.6 ∘ F 98.6\,^\circ\text F 98.

Question 9

describe hyper/hypothyrodism with negative feedback

Answer 9

Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, happens due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. In primary hyperthyroidism, the thyroid produces large amounts of T3 and T4, which, through negative feedback inhibition, suppress TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.

Question 10

Anatomic position:

Answer 10

A subject who is standing upright facing forward, arms at the sides with palms forward, and the feet slightly apart

Question 11

Body cavities (lateral view)

Answer 11

1. dorsal cavity {inside cranial, foranum magnum, spinal cavity}
2. ventral cavity
3. sacra; promontary

4thorasic cavity

5. diaphram
6. abdominal cavity
7. pelvic cavity

Question 12

Anatomic Planes and sections

Answer 12

(A)Planes and sections of the body.

(B) Cross-section and longitudinal section of the small intestine.

(C) Transverse section through the upper abdomen.

Question 13

Frontal (coronal) section,

Answer 13

a plane from side to side separates the body into front

and back portions.

Question 14

Sagittal section,

Answer 14

a plane from front to back separates the body into right and left portions. A midsagittal section creates equal right and left halves.

Question 15

Transverse section,

Answer 15

a horizontal plane separates the body into upper and lower portions.

Question 16

Cross-section,

Answer 16

a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ.

Question 17

Longitudinal section

Answer 17

a plane along the long axis of an organ.

Question 18

how many quadrants and how manu regions in abdomen area?

Answer 18

four qyuadrants and nine regions

liver is located in the upper right quadrant and epigastric region.

Question 19

types of cells

Answer 19

nerve

gland

muscle [vouluntary and involuntary][

blood

bone

reproductive

Question 20

tissue

Answer 20

group of cells with similar structure and function

Question 21

Four types of body tissues:

Answer 21

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

Question 22

Epithilial tisse is found on

Answer 22

Found on surfaces as either coverings (outer surfaces) or linings (inner surfaces). Many

epithelial tissues are capable of secretion (glands).

Question 23

describe types of epithilial tissues and their functions.

Simple squamous

Stratified squamous

Transitional Cuboidal

Cuboidal

Columnar

Ciliated

Answer 23

• Simple squamous: one layer of flat cells
  1. Alveoli (gas exchange)

Capillaries (exchanges of materials)

• Stratified squamous: many layers of cells, lower layer undergoes mitosis
  1. ​​Epidermis, Lining of esophagus, vagina (barrier to pathogens)Transitional
• Transitional: Many layers of cells; surface cells change from rounded to flat
  1. Lining of urinary bladder (permits expansion without tearing the lining)
• Cuboidal: one layer of cubed shaped cells
  1. Thyroid gland (secretes thyroxine) Salivary glands (secrete saliva) Kidney tubules (reabsorption)
• Columner:One layer of column-shaped cells

1. Stomach (secretes gastric juice)
 Small intestine (secretes enzymes and absorption, microvilli)

• Ciliated:One layer of columnar cells with cilia on their free surfaces

1. Ttrachea (sweeps mucus and dust to the pharynx)
 Fallopian tube (sweeps ovum toward uterus)

Question 24

1. GLANDS:
2. Unicellular glands:

Answer 24

1. cells or organs that secrete chemicals that has a function either at that site (exocrine) or at a more distant site (endocrine and hormones).
2. Goblet cells found in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Their secretion is mucus.

Question 25

Multicellular Glands include...

Answer 25

**Exocrine** with ducts (tubes): eg, salivary glands, sweat glands gastric glands **Endocrine** glands: ductless, hormones for target organs. eg, thyroid gland adrenal gland pituitary gland

Question 26

which organ has both edocine and exocrine glands?

Answer 26

pancreas Exocrine: digestive enzymes to duodenum Endocrine: insulin and glucagon

Question 27

CONNECTIVE TISSUE (cells + matrix) includes...

Answer 27

Areolar, adipose, fibrous, and elastic tissue, blood, bone, and cartilage

Question 28

Connetive tissure matrix:

Answer 28

a fibrous network, or minerals, or bio-solution

Question 29

drug distribution to the connective ctissue cells

Answer 29

PO, IM, IV administration and plasma distribution to target organs.

Question 30

Types of connective tissue name cell matirx, function and structure 1. Blood 2. Areolar (loose) 3. Adipose 4. Fibrous 5. Elastic 6. Bone 7. Cartilage

Answer 30

Question 31

What are the three types of muscle tisse and give structure location/function, and nerve impulses

Answer 31

**Skeletal:** - Structure; Striated cells and mutiple nuclei each - Location;Attached to bones. Movements and produces heat - Effects of nerve impulse: voluntary **Smooth** **-**tapered cells with no striations and one nucleus each - artiries--blood pressure, stomach/intestines---peris talsis, Iris of eye--pupil size - bring about contraction or regulate the rate of contraction (involuntary) **Cardiac** - branched cells with faint straitions and one nucleus each - walls of the chambers of the heart--pumpd blood regulate only the rate of contraction

Question 32

Nerve Tissue includes

Answer 32

Axon, Dendrites, synapse and neurotransmitters

Question 33

Nerve tissue of CELL BODY what is the structure ans function?

Answer 33

Structure: -contains the nucleus -Function: regulates the functioninf of the neuron

Question 34

Nerve tissue AXON

Answer 34

Structure: cellular process (extention) Function: carries impulses away from the cell body

Question 35

Nerve tissue DENTRITES

Answer 35

structure: cellular process (extention) Function: carries impulses toward the cell body (dendrodentritic synapses

Question 36

Nerve tissue SYNAPSE

Answer 36

structure: space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron' function: transmits impulses from one neuron to others

Question 37

nerve tisse NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Answer 37

structures: chemicals released by axons function: transmits impulses across synapses

Question 38

nerve tisse Neuroglia

Answer 38

structure: specialized cells in the central nervous system function: form myelin sheaths and other functions

Question 39

nerve tissue SCHWANN CELLS

Answer 39

STRUCTURE: specialized cells in the perpheral nervous system function: form the myelin sheaths around neurons

Question 40

definition of body memebrane and the two types

Answer 40

sheets of tissues that cover or line surfaces or that separate organs or parts (lobes) of organs from one another. 1. Epithelial membranes 2. Connective tissue membranes.

Question 41

what are the types of epithelial membranes?

Answer 41

**serous:** simple squamous epithelium. Location and names: _Pleural membranes_; parietal pleura, visceral pleura, serous fluid _Pericardium (pericardial membrane):_ Parietal pericardium (lines the fibrous pericardium) Visceral pericardium, Serous fluid _Peritoneum:_ Parietal; Visceral; Fluid **mucous**:line respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. The mucus secreted by these membranes keeps the lining epithelial cells moisturized.