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dynamic development Flashcards

1
Q

what is economic development

A

A measure of a country’s wealth and how it is generated, (for example,
agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking).

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2
Q

what is human development

A

A measure of the access the population has to wealth, jobs, education,
nutrition, health, leisure and safety - as well as political and cultural freedom.

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3
Q

standard of living

A

important elements, such as wealth and nutrition

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4
Q

what is quality of life

A

Elements which help enhance our life e.g. Health and leisure

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5
Q

what is GDP

A

Gross Domestic Product.
The total value of the goods and services produced in a country in a
year

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6
Q

whats is GNP

A

Gross National Product

includes GDP and money made overseas by citizens of the country

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7
Q

whats is HDI

A

Human Development Index –a calculation including GDP, life expectancy and adult literacy rate.

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8
Q

Trade

A

• Trade: is the exchange of goods and services between one country and another.

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9
Q

Goods bought into a country

A

IMPORT

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10
Q

goods sold into another country

A

EXPORTS

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11
Q

Trade balance

A

: the difference between the amount of money a country spends on imports and the
amount it earns from exports.

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12
Q

TNC (Trans National Corporation)

A

A company that operates in more than one country.

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13
Q

TNC (Trans National Corporation)

A

A company that operates in more than one country.

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14
Q

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT AND COUNTRY CLASSIFIED

A

Development is about measuring how developed one country is compared to other countries or to the same country in the past.
Development measures how economically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced
a country is.
The two MOST IMPORTANT ways of measuring development are ECONOMIC development and HUMAN development.

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15
Q

HOW CAN WE CLASSIFY COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT?

A

a visual depiction of the North-South divide between their economies, based
on GDP per capita, proposed by Willy Brandt in the 1980s.

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16
Q

BRANDT LINE: GOOD AND BADS

A

Strengths:
- Clear and easy to understand

Weaknesses:
- Too simplistic- does not take into account the
fact that some countries are neither rich nor
poor.
- Out of date- does not take into account
countries, which have developed since 1981
i.e. Saudi Arabia

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17
Q

what is better way to divide countries into? (accurate)

A

(ACs): well developed financial markets, diversified economic structure with rapidly growing service sector

(EDCS): do not share all the characteristics required to be an AC but are not eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust funding

(LIDCs): countries eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust funding from the IMF

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18
Q

Global distribution of ACs

eg: UK, USA, FRANCE, CANADA, AUSTRLIA

A

ACS are wealthiest country in the world which means GNI per capita is high, this suggest citizens have high standard of living.

their economy is based on tertiary and quaternary industry (eg services)

ACs have lots of money to spend on improving EDUCATION, TRANSPORT AND HEALTHCARE, so people tend to be WELL EDUCATED and have HIGH LIFE EXPECTANCY.

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19
Q

GLOBAL DISTRIBUITION OF EDCs

china, brazil, russia, india

A

EDs are generally GETTING RICHER as their ECONOMY is moving from being based on PRIMARY INDUSTRY (mining) to SECONDARY INDUSTRY (manufacturing), and EXPORTS of manufactured goods are generally HIGH.

EXPORTS and INCREASING WAGES means that there’s money to spend on DEVELOPMENT so healthcare, education, and transport are IMPROVING.

this means that STANDARD OF LIVING for many citizens is also IMPROVING.

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20
Q

GLOBAL DISTRIBUITION LIDCs

somalia, nepal, mali

A

LIDC are POOREST country in the world this is because GNI per capita IS VERY LOW and most citizens have a low standard living.

their ECONOMY is often based on primary industry such as (agriculture) so they DONT EXPORT many goods.

LIDCs don’t have MUCH MONEY to spend on DEVELOPMENT (schools, healthcare, education so their development stays low)

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21
Q

how can we measure development?

ECONOMY:

A

Economic Measures: these are to do with money and include gross domestic product (GDP), gross national income (GNI), and various monetary measures of poverty and standard of living

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22
Q

how can we measure development

SOCIAL:

A

Social Measures: these are to do with people and include infant mortality, life expectancy, access to doctors and educational attendance and achievement

23
Q

how can we measure development

COMPOSITE

A

Composite Measures – Measure that include more than 1 indicator

E.g. Human Development Index (HDI): ranges from 0 (least developed) to 1 (most developed) and is based on:

  • Wealth: GDP per capita
  • Health: Life expectancy – the average age to which people in a country are expected to live
  • Education: Adult literacy rate – the % of adults able to read
24
Q

causes of uneven development
PRESENCE OF RAW MATERIAL
(physical)

A

natural resources improve a country’s level of development

-exploiting the resource for the benefit of the country (turning into goods to sell)

25
Q

causes of uneven development
NATURAL HAZARD
(physical)

A

tropical storm limit future growth and destroy buildings and agriculture areas, LIDC’s rely on their agriculture = restrict development

26
Q

causes of uneven development
LANDLOCKED
physical

A

15 countries in Africa are landlocked- Difficult to trade as goods have to be driven through other
countries to get to the coast for shipping. Technology cannot reach a landlocked country- fiber
optic cables are laid under the ocean.

27
Q

causes of uneven development
CLIMATE
(physical)

A

diseases thrive in tropical climates, such as malaria and yellow fever, because of the hot and humid
conditions. If populations are often suffering from these diseases cannot work on the land
to produce crops for the communities- This will therefore restrict development.

28
Q

human factor affecting development

ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER

A

Clean water is essential for health. Unsafe water people are unable to work or care for their
families because of illness. Development on a local scale is restricted to just basic farming.

29
Q

human factor affecting development

POLITICAL INSTABILITY

A

Clean water is essential for health. Unsafe water people are unable to work or care for their
families because of illness. Development on a local scale is restricted to just basic farming.

30
Q

human factor affecting development

TRADE

A

LIDC’s tend to sell primary produce whilst ACS sell processed products (more money). LIDCS have to
compete with each other to win the trade - which lowers the prices farmers get.
Foreign investment can help a country to develop. Africa receives less than 5% (larger population).
Europe receives 45% (smaller population).

31
Q

human factor affecting development

EDUCATION AND LITERACY RATE

A

A poorer country finds it more difficult to invest in education, high dependency ratio=paying back
debts rather than investing in development.
If less children attend school then more people cannot read or write. This will mean that their life
chances are restricted to farming. This restricts the skills base and development of a country.

32
Q

human factor affecting development

EDUCATION AND LITERACY RATE

A

A poorer country finds it more difficult to invest in education, high dependency ratio=paying back
debts rather than investing in development.
If less children attend school then more people cannot read or write. This will mean that their life
chances are restricted to farming. This restricts the skills base and development of a country.

33
Q

human factor affecting development

EDUCATION AND LITERACY RATE

A

A poorer country finds it more difficult to invest in education, high dependency ratio=paying back
debts rather than investing in development.
If less children attend school then more people cannot read or write. This will mean that their life
chances are restricted to farming. This restricts the skills base and development of a country.

34
Q

Factors that make it hard for countries to break out of poverty
[read rg]

A

debt
trade
political unrest

35
Q

CS ZAMABIA

A

Zambia is an LIDC. It has a low GNI/capita of $3070.

36
Q

CS ZAMBIAN POPULATION

A

Average life expectancy: 52 (Low)
Zambia’s population growth rate is 2.9% - 8
th highest
in the world. This is due to high birth rates

37
Q

CS ZAMBIA TECHNOLOGY

A

There is limited development of technology
(industry, infrastructure, communications), due to
limited investment and low incomes.
E.g The Kariba Dam

38
Q

CS ZAMBIA SOCIETY

A

Almost half of the country’s population lives in
poverty. Most people live in in rural areas, although
there are also large cities e.g. Lusaka
Low literacy rates (63.4%)
Young population – 46% of the population are 0-
14years old

39
Q

CS ZAMBIA POLITICS

A

It became a British colony in 1888 named Northern
Rhodesia. It gained independence from Britain in
1964

40
Q

ZAMBIA POST INDEPENDENCE

A

1970 The global price of copper falls. It remains low for the next 30 years. Zambia has to borrow money to develop.

1980 HIV/AIDS spreads across Africa. The death rate in Zambia increases and life expectancy falls.

2000 The global price of copper starts to rise again, increasing the amount of money Zambia can earn.

2010 Zambia begins to develop new industries like tourism, farming and hydro-electric power to reduce its reliance on copper.

41
Q

ZAMBIA POST INDEPENDENCE (2)

A 
1964 Zambia gains
independence. However,
few Zambians are trained
to run the country. Most
of the power and wealth
is still in the hands of
Europeans.
1975 The Kariba Dam
starts to generate
hydro-electric power for
Zambia. This is important
for the copper industry.
1990 Zambia's debt is
now very high. Food is
expensive to buy because
the government cannot
afford to subsidise it and
there are riots.
2006 The IMF cancels
Zambia's debt, enabling
the government to spend
more on services such
as health and education.
42
Q

what does a rostow model do

A

The Rostow model is a model to show the stages of economic growth a country goes through in order to
develop.

43
Q

what are the stages of rostow’s model

A
  1. Subsistence based. Farming, fishing. Little trade
  2. Manufacturing starts to develop, infrastructure is built. International trading begins.
  3. Rapid intensive growth, Large-scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth.
  4. Economy grows so people get wealthier. Standards of living rise. Widespread use of technology
  5. Lots of trade. Goods are mass-produced. People are wealthy, so there are high levels of consumption
44
Q

in what stage of Rostow’s model is in zambia? and why?

A

Zambia is in stage 3 of the Rostow Model because it has a high economic growth rate of 6.8%. This is much
higher than most ACs. A symbol of this economic growth is Zambia’s Kariba dam. It has also attracted Chinese
investment and established a manufacturing economy.

45
Q

what are the weakness of zambia rostows model

A
  • Based on the development of AC countries i.e. USA. It does not apply to all countries esp. those in Asia and Africa.
  • No specific timeframe given. I.e. we do not know which year countries passed through each stage.
46
Q

what are the strength of Rostow’s model

A
  • Simple graph to use.

* Easy to compare more than one country on the graph.

46
Q

what are the strength of Rostow’s model

A
  • Simple graph to use.

* Easy to compare more than one country on the graph.

47
Q

goal 1 : eradicate hunger and poverty

A


Some progress has been made towards Goal 1 as poverty has decreased, but not by half. In 1990, the % of people living in poverty was 57% and this decreased to 41% in 2010. Much of this success was in urban areas like Lusaka, which saw greater reductions in poverty. However poverty in rural area is still a problem, and Zambia remains one of the most unequal places in the world

48
Q

goal 2: achieve universal primary education

A

Good progress has been made towards Goal 2, with most children now attending primary school. In 1990 only 80% of children attended primary school but this has increased to 96%. However the goal is yet to be met

49
Q

goal 3: promoting gender inequality

A

Some progress towards Goal 3 has been made, as there is gender equality in primary education with equal enrolment figures for boys/girls. HOWEVER more needs to be done in secondary schools and universities to achieve gender equality in education. Bottom up approaches like Room to Read are effective in encouraging girls to return to school, however these schemes are only small scale

50
Q

factors affecting Zambia’s development

POLITICAL

A

When Zambia gained
independence in 1964, most of
the power and wealth is still in
the hands of Europeans

The IMF has cancelled
Zambia’s debt

Recent Chinese investment
has led to improvements in
infrastructure

51
Q

factors affecting Zambia’s development

SOCIAL

A

In the 1980s HIV/Aids spread, increasing the death rate

Almost half of the country’s population lives in poverty

Most people live in in rural areas as subsistence farmers

Low literacy rates (63.4%)

52
Q

factors affecting Zambia Development

ENVIROMENTAL

A

Resource rich e.g. copper

Landlocked country, and so
does not have a coastline of its
own

urban features (2 decks)

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