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Dynamic Development Flashcards

1
Q

Measures Of Development

A

Measures Of Development

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2
Q

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

A

Definition: The total value of services and good a country produces in a year. It is given in US Dollars.

Measures: Wealth

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Socio-economic

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3
Q

GDP per capita.

A

Definition: The total value of services and good a country produces per person, per year. It is given in US Dollars.

Measures: Wealth

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Socio-economic

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4
Q

GNI (Gross National Income)

A

Definition: The total value of services and good a country produced in a year (including oversea incomes and taxes). It is given in US Dollars.

Measures: Wealth

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Socio-economic

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5
Q

GNI per capita.

A

Definition:Definition: The total value of services and good a country produced per person, per year (including oversea incomes and taxes). It is given in US Dollars.

Measures: Wealth

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Socio-economic

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6
Q

Birth rate

A

Definition: The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year.

Measures: Women’s Rights

If the country develops it gets: Lower

Type: Social

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7
Q

Death rate

A

Definition: The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

Measures: Health

If the country develops it gets: Lower

Type: Social

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8
Q

Life expectancy

A

Definition: The average life span of a person living in that country.

Measures: Health

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Social

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9
Q

Infant Mortality

A

Definition: The number of babies who die under 1 years old per thousand babies born.

Measures: Health

If the country develops it gets: Lower

Type: Social

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10
Q

Literacy Rate

A

Definition: The percentage of adults over 15 years old who can read and write.

Measures: Education

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Social

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11
Q

HDI (Human Development Index)

A

Definition: This a number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Every country has an HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed).

Measures: Various things

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Socio-economic

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12
Q

Happy Index

A

Definition: This is calculated by dividing a country’s life expectancy, well-being and level of inequality by its environmental impact. Countries are graded green (good), amber (medium) or red (bad)

Measures: Various things

If the country develops it gets: No overall pattern

Type: Social

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13
Q

Quality Of Life

A

Definition: Measures health, comfort, well-being and happiness.

Measures: Quality Of Life

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Social

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14
Q

Doctors Per 1000

A

Definition: The numbers of doctors shared per 1000 people.

Measures: Health

If the country develops it gets: Lower

Type: Social

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15
Q

Access To Education

A

Definition: How many people attend primary and secondary school and higher education as a percentage.

Measures: Education

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Social

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16
Q

Standard Of Living

A

Definition: The level of wealth and material goods available to a person or community in US Dollars.

Measures: Quality Of Life

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Socio-economic

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17
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Definition: How many people cannot afford their basic human needs, such as food, safe water and shelter.

Measures: Quality Of Life

If the country develops it gets: Lower

Type: Socio-economic

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18
Q

Relative Poverty

A

Definition: Whether people lack an adequate income compared society around them.
Can you reasonably live in your country?

Measures: Quality Of Life

If the country develops it gets: Lower

Type: Socio-economic

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19
Q

Employment Type

A

Definition: The proportion of population working in primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary jobs.

Measures: Quality Of Life

If the country develops it gets: Higher

Type: Socio-economic

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20
Q

Uneven Development Consequences

A

Uneven Development Consequences

21
Q

Wealth

A

People in more developed countries have a higher income than those in less developed countries. e.g. UK has a GNI of 45,350 US Dollars whereas Ethiopia has a GNI of 505 US Dollars.

22
Q

Health

A

Better health care means that people in more developed countries live longer than those in less developed countries. e.g. UK has a life expectancy of 81 years old whereas Ethiopia has a life expectancy of 63 years old.

23
Q

Education

A

People in more developed countries tend to be better educated than those in less developed countries. e.g. UK has a literacy rate of 99% whereas Ethiopia has a literacy rate of 52%.

24
Q

Classifying Countries

A

Classifying Countries

25
Q

Advanced Countries (AC’s)

A

Advanced countries have a higher standard of living in comparison to other countries. They have developed through modernising and industrialising through manufacturing industries, however nowadays the economies rely more on the service sector and research and development industries. The wealth generated over the years has been invested into healthcare and education, and as a result populations have a high life expectancy and are well-educated. Transport and communications infrastructure is highly developed, and democracy is often the basis of the political system. These countries are well-integrated in the global economy and are often the sites of world cities.

26
Q

Emerging Developing Countries (EDC’s)

A

Emerging and developing countries have a lower standard of living than AC’s, but this is rapidly improving. These countries, whilst also being primary producers, are industrialising and generating wealth mainly through the mass production and export of consumer goods. Wage levels in these countries are steadily rising, and earnings are being invested into healthcare and education systems, transport and communications infrastructure, and the built environment. Urbanisation is occurring as people move to the cities to look for work.

27
Q

Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDC’s)

A

Low-income Developing Countries have such a low income - less than 2390 US Dollars - they are eligible for the poverty reduction and growth trust (PRGT). This is an arm of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that lends money to poor countries with an interest rate around 0.5%. These countries tend to be primary producers, but subsistence farming or a reliance on a low number of crops for export generates little income. This means that little can be invested into healthcare and education, infrastructure, and further economic development.

28
Q

Physicals Factors Affecting Development

A

Physicals Factors Affecting Development

29
Q

A Poor Climate

A

1) If a country has a poor climate (really hot or really cold or really dry) not much will grow. This reduces the amount of food produced. In some countries this can lead to malnutrition. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life.
2) People also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services. This also reduces their quality of life.
3) The government gets less money from taxes (as less is sold and bought). This means there’s less to spend on developing the country. e.g. to spend on improving healthcare and education.

30
Q

Few Natural Resources

A

1) Countries without many raw materials like coal, oil or metal ores tend to make less money because they’ve got fewer products to sell.
2) This means they have less money to spend on development.
3) Some countries do have a lot of raw materials but still aren’t very developed because they don’t have the money to develop the infrastructure to exploit them (e.g. roads and ports).

31
Q

A Poor Location

A

1) In countries that are landlocked (don’t have any coastline) it can be harder and more expensive to transport goods into and out of the country.
2) This means it’s harder to make money by exporting goods, so there’s less to spend on development.
3) It’s also harder to import goods that might help the country to develop, e.g. medicine and farm machinery.

32
Q

Lots of Natural Hazards

A

1) A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans or destroy property and possessions (e.g. an earthquake, flood or volcanic eruption). A natural disaster is a natural hazard that has actually happened.
2) Countries that have a lot of natural disasters have to spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters occur.

33
Q

Human Factors Affecting Development

A

Human Factors Affecting Development

34
Q

Conflict

A

1) War, especially civil wars, can slow or reduce levels of development. e.g. healthcare becomes much more worse and things like infant mortality increase a lot.
2) Money is spent on arms and fighting instead of development, people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property.

35
Q

Debt

A

1) LIDC’s often borrow money from other countries and international organisations, e.g. to help them cope with the aftermath of a natural disaster.
2) This money has to be paid back (usually with interest), so any money the country makes can’t be used to develop.
3) Most LIDC’s borrowed money during the 1970’s with the intentions of many projects however as these projects were not successful, when it came time to paying their debt back whatever money was generated had to be used to pay back the countries and no money goes into developing the country so the country doesn’t develop at a fast rate.

Resolution: A campaign started to drop debt and in 2000 there was a campaign called Jubilee 2000. As a result of this the UK cancelled most of its debt owed by poorer nations. This gave a chance to LIDC’s to develop and invest money in education, healthcare etc.

36
Q

Politics

A

1) Corrupt governments can hinder development, e.g. by taking money that’s intended for building new infrastructure or improving facilities for people. They might also prevent a fair election from happening, so there is no chance for a democratically elected government (chosen by the people) to gain power.
2) If a government is unstable (i.e likely to lose power at any time), companies and other countries are unlikely to invest or want to trade, meaning that level of development stays low.
3) Governments need to invest in the right things to help a country develop, e.g. transport and schools. If they invest in the wrong areas, the country won’t develop as quickly.

37
Q

Trade

A

1) Trade is the exchange of goods and services. Countries can import goods and services (buy them in from another country) or can export them (sell them to another country).
2) Countries that export goods and services of greater value than they import have a trade surplus, while countries that import goods and services of greater value than they export have a trade deficit. A trade deficit means a country has less money coming in than going out, so it tends to be poorer.
3) World trade patterns (who trades with whom) seriously influence a country’s economy and so affect their level of development. If a country has poor trade links (it trades a small amount with only a few countries) it won’t make a lot of money, so there’ll be less to spend on development.
4) What a country trades also affects its level of development - exporting primary products (e.g. wood, stone) is less profitable than exporting manufactured goods (e.g. cars, phones). Countries that export mostly primary products tend to be less developed.

38
Q

Education

A

1) Educating people produces a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services (e.g. ICT). This can bring money into the country, through trade or investment.
2) Educated people also earn more, so they pay more taxes. This provides money that the country can spend on development.

39
Q

Tourism

A

Tourism can provide increased income as there will more money entering the country. This money can be used to increase the level of development.

40
Q

Disease And Healthcare

A

1) In some LIDC’s, lack of clean water and poor and healthcare mean that a large number of people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera.
2) People who are ill can’t work, so they’re not contributing to the economy. They may also need expensive medicine or health care.
3) Lack of economic contribution and increased spending on health care means that there’s less money available to spend on development.

41
Q

Aid

A

1) Aid is help given by one country to another. Some countries receive more than others, so they can develop faster.
2) Aid can be spent on development projects (e.g. buildings schools or improving water supplies), helping to increase development.
3) However, if countries come to rely on aid it might stop them from developing trade links that could be a better way of developing.

42
Q

Rostow Model

A

Rostow Model

43
Q

Stages

A

1) Traditional Society
2) Pre-conditions for Take Off
3) Take Off
4) Drive to Maturity
5) High Mass Consumption

44
Q

Traditional Society

A

Stage 1:

Economies are based upon farming and natural resources alone. Trade is limited and most people are employed as farmers.

45
Q

Pre-conditions for Take Off

A

Stage 2:

Most people are still employed as farmers, but hey begin to have a surplus that they can sell. This means that manufacturing starts to take off and infrastructure is built e.g. roads, power networks etc. More goods can be traded and international trading begins.

46
Q

Take Off

A

Stage 3:

Manufacturing now dominates the economy as more factories are built. The nation becomes more modernised with more money to spend on essential goods and services. There is large-scale industrialisation and increasing wealth.

47
Q

Drive to Maturity

A

Stage 4:

The economy begins to diversify, with more focus on tertiary jobs such as: teachers and doctors. The nation becomes more self-sufficient, having to rely less upon imports. People start to get wealthier and standards of living starts to rise. Therefore, there is widespread use of technology.

48
Q

High Mass Consumption

A

Stage 5:

This is the ultimate point of development. The population becomes wealthier and consumption of high value goods such as cars and electronics increases.

Geography (1 decks)

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